datazoom.amazonia

The datazoom.amazonia package facilitates access to official Brazilian Amazon data, including agriculture, deforestation, production. The package provides functions that download and pre-process selected datasets.

Installation

You can install the released version of datazoom.amazonia from CRAN with:

install.packages("datazoom.amazonia")

And the development version from GitHub with:

# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("datazoompuc/datazoom.amazonia")

1 - Environmental data

2 - Social data

3 - Economic data

4 - Other tools

Environmental Data

PRODES

Overview

PRODES (Projeto de Monitoramento da Floresta Amazônica Brasileira - Project for Monitoring the Brazilian Amazon Forest) is Brazil’s primary satellite-based deforestation monitoring system operated by INPE (National Institute for Space Research).

This dataset provides:

• Amazon deforestation monitoring: Official deforestation data using satellite imagery
• Multiple landscape classes: Deforestation, residual deforestation, native vegetation, hydrography, non-forest areas, clouds
• Raster data: High-resolution spatial data covering entire Legal Amazon
• Municipality aggregates: Affected areas per municipality for non-spatial analysis
• Cumulative and incremental data: Total deforestation since 1988 and year-by-year changes
• Long time series: Available from 2007 onwards (cumulative) and incrementally by year
• Official baseline: Used by Brazilian government for forest policy and enforcement

PRODES is the authoritative source for Amazon deforestation statistics, used for environmental monitoring, policy evaluation, and international reporting on Brazilian forest protection.

Data Source and Methodology

PRODES monitoring: - Uses satellite imagery from multiple sources (Landsat, CBERS, others) - Automated and manual analysis to detect clear-cut deforestation - Annual assessment of forest loss - Recently (2020+) raster data published through TerraBrasilis - Data available as both raster files and aggregated by municipality

For more information, visit INPE PRODES Project and TerraBrasilis.

Available Datasets

1. deforestation

Clear-cut deforestation areas (complete forest loss).

• Coverage: Entire Legal Amazon region
• Time period:
  • 2007: Cumulative deforestation from 1988 to 2007
  • 2008-2023: Annual incremental deforestation (year-specific)
• Data types:
  • Raw: Raster/grid data (SpatRaster format)
  • Treated: Municipality-level area aggregates
• Variables: Deforested area (hectares) by municipality
• Use cases:
  • Track annual deforestation trends
  • Identify deforestation hotspots
  • Cumulative forest loss assessment
  • Municipality-level deforestation analysis

2. residual_deforestation

Deforestation that was not captured in previous surveys (detected through improved methodology).

• Coverage: Legal Amazon
• Time period: 2010-2023
• Data types: Raster or municipality aggregates
• Variables: Additional detected deforestation (hectares)
• Use cases:
  • More comprehensive deforestation assessment
  • Correct for historical detection gaps
  • Full accounting of forest loss

3. native_vegetation

Remaining native forest and natural vegetation areas.

• Coverage: All vegetation in Legal Amazon
• Time period: 2023 (snapshot of current state)
• Data types: Raster only
• Variables: Forest and vegetation extent
• Use cases:
  • Assess remaining forest cover
  • Identify conservation priority areas
  • Vegetation extent mapping

4. hydrography

Water bodies and hydrographic features.

• Coverage: All water features in Amazon
• Time period: 2023
• Data types: Raster only
• Variables: Water body extent
• Use cases:
  • Environmental impact assessment
  • Hydrology and water resource mapping

5. non_forest

Non-forest areas including savanna, grasslands, and other vegetation types.

• Coverage: Legal Amazon region
• Time period: 2023
• Data types: Raster only
• Variables: Non-forest vegetation extent
• Use cases:
  • Distinguish non-forest from forest areas
  • Natural vegetation assessment
  • Land-use classification

6. clouds

Cloud cover in satellite imagery (data quality indicator).

• Coverage: Legal Amazon
• Time period: 2023
• Data types: Raster only
• Variables: Cloud-covered areas where analysis is uncertain
• Use cases:
  • Assess data quality and coverage
  • Identify areas needing re-analysis
  • Quantify monitoring gaps

Important Data Characteristics

Raw vs. Treated Data

• Raw data (raw_data = TRUE): Returns SpatRaster objects (raster grids) from TerraBrasilis
• Treated data (raw_data = FALSE): Aggregated to municipality level showing total affected area
• Raster resolution: Typically ~30-meter pixels
• Large size: Raster data is high-resolution and may be large

Cumulative vs. Incremental Data

When analyzing time trends, be aware that 2007 includes 19 years of accumulated loss.

Data Organization

• Raster format: High-resolution grid with classified pixels (deforestation, forest, etc.)
• Municipality level: Treated data aggregates raster to municipality boundaries
• Non-spatial: Municipality aggregates don’t retain spatial location (summarized only)

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which landscape classification to download.

dataset = "deforestation"             # Clear-cut deforestation (main product)
dataset = "residual_deforestation"    # Previously undetected deforestation
dataset = "native_vegetation"         # Remaining forests and vegetation (2023 only)
dataset = "hydrography"               # Water bodies (2023 only)
dataset = "non_forest"                # Savanna and other non-forest (2023 only)
dataset = "clouds"                    # Cloud cover (2023 only)

2. raw_data

Controls data format: raster or municipality aggregates.

• TRUE: Returns raw raster data (SpatRaster objects)
• FALSE: Returns municipality-level aggregated area data

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

Important: Raster data is large; ensure sufficient storage and memory.

3. time_period

Specifies which year(s) to download.

Available by dataset:

time_period = 2020              # single year
time_period = c(2015, 2020)     # multiple years
time_period = 2015:2020         # range of years (for deforestation only)

4. language

Output language.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

Example 1: Deforestation data for a single year

# download treated deforestation data for 2023
deforestation <- load_prodes(
  dataset = "deforestation",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2023,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 2: Deforestation data over multiple years

# download treated deforestation data for 2008 to 2023
deforestation_series <- load_prodes(
  dataset = "deforestation",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2008:2023,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 3: Cumulative forest loss since 1988

# download 2007 (cumulative 1988-2007) plus all years up to 2023
all_deforestation <- load_prodes(
  dataset = "deforestation",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = c(2007, 2008:2023),
  language = "eng"
)

Example 4: Residual deforestation

# download treated residual deforestation data for 2020
residual <- load_prodes(
  dataset = "residual_deforestation",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Raw Raster Data Characteristics

• Format: SpatRaster (from terra package)
• Resolution: ~30 meter pixels
• Coverage: Complete Legal Amazon region
• Size: Very large files; may require significant storage/memory
• Classification: Pixel values indicate land cover class (deforestation, forest, etc.)
• CRS: UTM zones or standard projection; verify after loading

Municipality Aggregates

• Simplified for analysis: Loses spatial detail but much smaller files
• Aggregation: Total deforested area per municipality per year
• Ideal for: Time series, trend analysis, comparative studies

Data Quality and Accuracy

1. Detection accuracy: ~95% for clear-cut deforestation
2. Minimum mapping unit: Small forest clearances may not be detected
3. Cloud contamination: Clouds may prevent detection in some areas (see clouds dataset)
4. Seasonal effects: Deforestation easier to detect in dry season

Limitations

1. Clear-cut only: Degradation and partial logging not captured (see DEGRAD for that)
2. Legal Amazon only: Data limited to Legal Amazon definition; doesn’t cover all forest regions
3. Raster data very large: May require specialized tools and significant computing resources
4. Historical changes: INPE occasionally revises historical estimates as methodology improves
5. Recent data provisional: 2023 data may be subject to revision as final processing completes

DETER

Overview

DETER (Real-Time Detection System) is a satellite-based monitoring system operated by INPE (National Institute of Space Research) that detects and reports changes in forest cover with near real-time frequency. This system provides:

• Forest cover change detection: Identifies deforestation and forest degradation events
• Near real-time monitoring: Updates frequently (typically daily or weekly)
• Spatial precision: Geolocated detection of disturbances with geographic coordinates
• Biome coverage: Monitors Legal Amazon and Cerrado biome regions
• Event-based data: Each detection is a separate record with location and date
• Historical records: Accumulated database of past detection events

DETER is the primary early-warning system for deforestation in the Amazon, used by Brazilian environmental agencies for enforcement, research institutions for analysis, and internationally for monitoring compliance with forest conservation goals.

Data Source and Methodology

DETER monitoring: - Uses satellite imagery from multiple sources (MODIS, Landsat, Sentinel) - Automated and manual analysis to detect recent disturbances - Generates “alerts” - polyons representing areas of detected change - Updates available regularly (frequency varies by satellite availability) - Operated by INPE’s Remote Sensing Division

For technical details, visit INPE DETER System.

Available Datasets

1. deter_amz (DETER Amazon)

DETER monitoring data for the Legal Amazon biome.

• Geographic coverage: Legal Amazon region (approximately 5 million km²)
• Biome: Tropical forest
• Time period: Historical data spanning multiple years with continuing updates
• Spatial unit: Polyons/spatial geometries with municipality identification
• Variables: Detection date, deforestation/degradation type, area, municipality, state
• Update frequency: Regular updates (typically daily or weekly)
• Use cases:
  • Monitor recent deforestation hotspots
  • Analyze deforestation trends in specific regions
  • Track enforcement impact on forest cover
  • Early-warning system for forest loss
  • Academic research on deforestation drivers

2. deter_cerrado (DETER Cerrado)

DETER monitoring data for the Cerrado biome.

• Geographic coverage: Cerrado region (Brazilian tropical savanna)
• Biome: Tropical savanna/grassland
• Time period: Historical data with continuing updates
• Spatial unit: Polygons/spatial geometries with municipality identification
• Variables: Detection date, vegetation loss type, area, municipality, state
• Update frequency: Regular updates
• Use cases:
  • Monitor Cerrado vegetation loss (increasingly threatened biome)
  • Analyze agricultural expansion in Cerrado region
  • Compare forest and savanna degradation patterns
  • Track conservation effectiveness

Important Data Characteristics

Raw Data Structure

The raw DETER data from INPE reports one alert/detection per row, with each row typically associated with a single municipality in the raw data. However, many alerts actually overlap multiple municipalities (typically 2-4 municipalities) that are not all shown in the original records. ### Data Processing

This package provides an important enhancement: spatial intersection with IBGE municipality geometries (2019 version) to identify ALL municipalities that each DETER alert overlaps with. This creates a more complete and accurate geographic picture than the original raw data.

Important note on CRS metadata: The CRS (Coordinate Reference System) information may need verification after loading, as coordinate system metadata can sometimes be unclear in the original INPE data.

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which biome’s DETER data to download.

dataset = "deter_amz"      # Legal Amazon monitoring
dataset = "deter_cerrado"  # Cerrado biome monitoring

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download the original data or the processed/enhanced version.

• TRUE: Returns raw INPE data with limited municipality information
• FALSE: Returns treated data with spatial intersection to identify all affected municipalities, standardized English variable names

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

Recommendation: Use raw_data = FALSE to get the enhanced municipality identification from spatial intersection.

3. language

Output language for variable names and documentation.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

# download treated DETER Amazon data
deter_amz <- load_deter(
  dataset = "deter_amz",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated DETER Cerrado data
deter_cerrado <- load_deter(
  dataset = "deter_cerrado",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Raw Data Limitations

• Original INPE data: Shows one alert per municipality, even when alerts overlap multiple municipalities
• Enhanced version: Spatial intersection with IBGE 2019 municipality boundaries identifies all affected municipalities
• Advantage of treated data: More complete geographic picture of deforestation extent

Data Structure

Each alert/row typically contains: - Spatial geometry: Polygon coordinates (SF object) - Detection date: When the alert was issued - Alert type: Deforestation, forest degradation, or other disturbance - Area: Size of detected change in hectares - Municipality: Geographic unit identification - State: Brazilian state - Metadata: Satellite source, confidence level (varies by product)

Important Considerations

1. Alert types vary: “Deforestation” is permanent forest loss; “degradation” is forest damage but not clear-cut
2. Near real-time data: Alerts are issued frequently; data is continuously updated
3. Minimum detection size: Varies by sensor; typically 25 hectares for Amazon, larger for Cerrado
4. CRS metadata: Verify coordinate system after loading; typically UTM zones for Brazil
5. Overlapping municipalities: Enhanced version accounts for alerts crossing municipality boundaries
6. False positives possible: Satellite detection can occasionally misclassify cloud shadows or other features as forest loss

DEGRAD

Overview

The DEGRAD project is a research initiative that uses satellite imagery to monitor forest degradation in the Amazon. Unlike DETER’s near real-time alerts, DEGRAD provides a more detailed annual analysis of forest degradation patterns.

This dataset captures:

• Forest degradation monitoring: Tracks areas where forests are being damaged without complete clearing
• Annual editions: Data released as yearly reports with accumulated observations
• Spatial polygons: Detailed geographic boundaries of degradation events
• Municipality linkage: Enhanced version links degradation areas to affected municipalities
• Historical coverage: Multiple years of degradation monitoring from 2007 onwards

DEGRAD data is valuable for understanding forest degradation as a distinct phenomenon from clear-cut deforestation, important for carbon accounting, biodiversity protection, and understanding transition stages toward complete forest loss.

Data Source and Methodology

DEGRAD monitoring: - Conducted by INPE’s forest monitoring programs - Uses satellite imagery interpretation to identify forest degradation signs - Focuses on selective logging, small-scale agriculture, forest fires, and other degrading activities - Released as annual editions with comprehensive analysis - Limited documentation available (original INPE documentation is sparse)

For information, visit INPE Forest Monitoring.

Important Data Characteristics

Data Organization

Important: DEGRAD data is organized differently than real-time systems. Key points:

1. Yearly editions: Data is organized by publication year (e.g., “DEGRAD 2016”), not event year
2. Mixed event years: A DEGRAD edition may contain degradation events from different years
   • Example: DEGRAD 2016 edition may include events detected in 2015 or even earlier
3. Documentation limited: Original INPE documentation is minimal; users should be aware of potential inconsistencies

Spatial Integration

This package enhances the raw DEGRAD data by: - Intersecting DEGRAD spatial polygons with IBGE municipality boundaries (2019 version) - Providing municipality identification for each degradation event - Converting to Simple Features (SF) objects for spatial analysis

Note on CRS: Coordinate system metadata should be verified after loading, as original INPE data sometimes has unclear CRS information.

Available Dataset

degrad (Forest Degradation)

Detailed monitoring of forest degradation across the Legal Amazon.

• Coverage: Legal Amazon region with focus on degradation detection
• Time period: 2007 onwards (but events within editions may vary)
• Spatial unit: Polygons/spatial geometries with municipality identification
• Variables: Event date/year, degradation type/cause, area, municipality, state, edition
• Data format: Simple Features (SF) spatial objects with geographic boundaries
• Use cases:
  • Distinguish degradation from complete deforestation
  • Analyze forest degradation hotspots
  • Understand selective logging extent
  • Carbon stock assessment
  • Forest fire impacts
  • Long-term degradation trends

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Only one dataset is available:

dataset = "degrad"  # Forest degradation monitoring

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download the original data or the processed/enhanced version.

• TRUE: Returns raw INPE data with minimal processing
• FALSE: Returns treated data with English variable names, municipality identification from spatial intersection, and standardized formatting

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

Recommendation: Use raw_data = FALSE for most applications to get municipality-level information. ### 3. time_period

Specifies which year(s) of degradation events to download.

• Available range: Generally 2007-2016 (check current availability)
• Format: Single year, vector of years, or range

Important: When you request a year, you get events from that year regardless of which DEGRAD edition they appear in.

time_period = 2015              # single year
time_period = c(2010, 2015)     # multiple specific years
time_period = 2010:2015         # range of years

4. language

Output language for variable names and documentation.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Data Structure

The returned data is a Simple Features (SF) spatial object with:

• Spatial column: Geometric polygons representing degradation areas
• year: Year when degradation was detected/event occurred
• degradation_type: Type of degradation (logging, fire, agriculture, etc.)
• area_hectares: Size of degradation event
• municipality: Name of affected municipality
• state: Brazilian state
• edition: Which DEGRAD edition this event appears in
• Additional attributes: Quality metrics, confidence levels (vary by edition)

Examples

# download treated forest degradation data from 2010 to 2012
data <- load_degrad(
  dataset = "degrad",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2010:2012,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Data Organization Complexity

The annual edition structure (e.g., “DEGRAD 2016”) mixed with variable event years within those editions means: - When you request year 2015, you get all detected 2015 events regardless of edition - Some 2015 events may appear in both DEGRAD 2015 and DEGRAD 2016 editions - Duplication is handled in the data loading process

Degradation Types

Common degradation types include: - Selective logging: Commercial timber extraction - Forest fires: Fire damage to forest areas - Agricultural clearing: Small-scale farming expansion - Mining: Degradation from mining activities - Other: Mixed or unclassified degradation causes

(Exact categories vary by edition; verify with your loaded data)

Spatial Considerations

1. Polygons not points: Each event is a geometric polygon, not a single location point
2. Municipality intersection: Treated data identifies all municipalities polygon overlaps
3. CRS verification: Check coordinate system after loading
4. Geometry validity: Some polygons may have validity issues; use st_is_valid() to check

Data Limitations

1. Limited documentation: INPE’s original documentation for DEGRAD is sparse
2. Mixed time periods: Events from different years appear in same edition
3. Possible inconsistencies: Classification and methodology may vary across editions
4. Detection limits: Minimum detectable degradation size varies by methodology/edition
5. Not real-time: This is annual analysis, not near-real-time detection like DETER

Imazon

Overview

Imazon (Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia - Institute of Man and Environment of the Amazon) is an independent Brazilian research organization that produces its own deforestation monitoring and analysis.

This dataset provides:

• Municipality-level deforestation pressure classification: Risk assessment of deforestation threat
• Pressure categories: Three-level classification system (0, 1, 2, 3) representing deforestation pressure intensity
• Geographic coverage: Municipalities in the Legal Amazon region
• Municipal boundaries: Provided as spatial features (shapefile format)
• Policy-relevant indicator: Used in environmental monitoring and policy assessments

Imazon’s deforestation pressure index helps identify which municipalities face high deforestation risk, valuable for targeted conservation, enforcement, and development planning.

Data Source

Imazon’s classification is based on: - Deforestation monitoring using satellite imagery - Analysis of deforestation trends and drivers - Risk assessment methodology to classify municipalities - Regular updates as monitoring data accumulates

For more information, visit Imazon Official Website.

Available Dataset

imazon_shp (Imazon Municipality Pressure Index)

Municipality-level deforestation pressure classification with spatial geometries.

• Geographic unit: Brazilian municipalities
• Coverage: Legal Amazon municipalities
• Variables: Municipality name, state, deforestation pressure category (0-3)
• Data format: Shapefile / Simple Features (SF) spatial objects
• Update frequency: Periodic updates as Imazon releases new assessments
• Use cases:
  • Identify high-risk deforestation municipalities
  • Target conservation resources to threatened areas
  • Analyze geographic patterns of deforestation pressure
  • Environmental risk assessment
  • Monitoring enforcement effectiveness
  • Correlate pressure with socioeconomic variables

Deforestation Pressure Categories

Imazon’s three-level classification system: | Category | Pressure Level | Description | |———-|—|—| | 0 | No/Low Pressure | Minimal deforestation threat | | 1 | Moderate Pressure | Some deforestation risk | | 2 | High Pressure | Significant deforestation threat | | 3 | Very High Pressure | Severe/Critical deforestation risk |

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Only one dataset is available:

dataset = "imazon_shp"  # Imazon municipality pressure classification

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download the original data or the processed/cleaned version.

• TRUE: Returns raw shapefile data exactly as provided by Imazon
• FALSE: Returns treated data with standardized English variable names, consistent formatting, and SF object structure

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. language

Output language for variable names and documentation.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

# download treated Imazon deforestation pressure data
data <- load_imazon(
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Data Format

• Shapefile format: Returned as Simple Features (SF) spatial objects
• Geometric representation: Municipality polygons with pressure classification
• Attributes: Municipality name, state, pressure category

Pressure Categories

The 0-3 scale represents Imazon’s assessment of deforestation risk: - Based on historical deforestation trends - Current forest cover - Accessibility and economic drivers - Human pressure factors

Important Limitations

1. Static classification: This is a classification/index, not time-series deforestation data
2. Methodology may change: Imazon’s methodology for calculating pressure may be updated
3. Subjective risk assessment: Classification involves judgment in addition to objective metrics
4. Not current alerts: This is not real-time detection like DETER; it’s a classification product
5. Municipal-level only: Finer spatial resolution not available

Using with Other Datasets

This dataset works well in combination with: - DETER: Compare pressure classification with actual recent deforestation - DEGRAD: Correlate pressure with degradation patterns - CEMPRE: Analyze relationship between employment and deforestation pressure - COMEX: Examine trade patterns in high-pressure vs low-pressure areas

🔴 This function uses the googledrive package to download data. In case of authentication errors, see googledrive.

IBAMA

Overview

The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA) dataset documents environmental enforcement actions, including embargoes of productive assets and fines issued for environmental violations. This dataset provides individual-level records of environmental infractions from 2005 onwards, representing the enforcement activity of Brazil’s primary federal environmental agency.

The data covers environmental violations across multiple sectors including deforestation, illegal mining, wildlife trafficking, illegal fishing, and other environmental crimes.

Data Coverage

The IBAMA dataset includes:

• Time Period: Individual enforcement records from 2005 to present
• Geographic Coverage: All Brazilian states and the Legal Amazon region
• Infraction Types: Environmental violations across forestry, biodiversity, and natural resource management
• Actions: Embargoed areas, distributed fines, and collected fines
• Individual-Level Detail: Each record represents a specific infraction event

Dataset Description

Available Datasets

The function provides access to three distinct datasets tracking different stages of environmental enforcement:

1. Embargoed Areas ("embargoed_areas")
   • Areas of land subject to federal environmental embargo
   • Productively assets frozen due to illegal activities (typically deforestation)
   • Includes area size, location, and embargo date
   • Useful for measuring enforcement scope and geographic patterns
2. Distributed Fines ("distributed_fines")
   • Environmental fines issued by IBAMA for violations
   • Fines not yet paid by individuals or corporations
   • Include violation type, fine amount, and entity responsible
   • Track enforcement intensity and violation frequency
3. Collected Fines ("collected_fines")
   • Environmental fines that have been paid
   • Represents actual revenue recovery from environmental violations
   • Subset of distributed fines with payment confirmation
   • Indicates compliance and enforcement effectiveness

Key Variables

1. Infraction Information: Type of violation, legal basis, date of infraction
2. Location: State, municipality, coordinates (when available)
3. Enforcement Action: Type of action (embargo, fine), date of action
4. Financial Data: Fine amount, payment status, payment date
5. Entity Information: Individual or corporate identifier, sector
6. Embargo Details: Embargoed area size, land type, geographic descriptors

Data Aggregation

The function returns either: - Raw Data: Individual infraction records (original format) - Aggregated Data: Summary statistics for each time-location period, including: - Total number of infractions - Infractions sent to prosecution - Infractions with ongoing legal proceedings - Embargoed area totals - Fine totals and collection rates

Function Parameters

Options:

1. dataset: Three possible choices
   • "embargoed_areas": Embargoed productive areas
   • "distributed_fines": Issued fines (paid or unpaid)
   • "collected_fines": Fines that have been paid
2. raw_data:
   • TRUE: Individual-level records as originally recorded
   • FALSE: Treated/aggregated version of the data
3. states:
   • Specifies which states to download (default: "all")
   • Single state example: "AC" (Acre)
   • Multiple states example: c("AC", "AM", "AP") (Acre, Amazonas, Amapá)
   • Does not apply to embargoed_areas dataset
4. language:
   • "pt": Portuguese language labels and names
   • "eng": English language

Examples

# download treated embargoed areas data in english
data <- load_ibama(
  dataset = "embargoed_areas",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated collected fines data from Bahia
data <- load_ibama(
  dataset = "collected_fines",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  states = "BA",
  language = "pt"
)

MapBiomas

Overview

The MapBiomas project provides comprehensive satellite-based data on land cover and land use changes across Brazil. The project uses machine learning algorithms applied to Landsat satellite imagery to classify and track changes in biomes, land cover types, and economic activities over time. This dataset is essential for understanding deforestation, agricultural expansion, conservation outcomes, and landscape dynamics in the Amazon and other biomes.

MapBiomas represents one of the most detailed and scientifically rigorous sources of remote sensing data on Brazilian land cover, with coverage spanning from 1985 to present and annual updates.

Data Coverage

The MapBiomas dataset includes:

• Time Period: Annual data from 1985 to 2023 (with updates continuing)
• Geographic Coverage: All Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Pampa, Pantanal)
• Spatial Resolution: 30 meters (Landsat resolution)
• Temporal Frequency: Annual maps with seasonal detail
• Update Schedule: New data typically released annually with recent years added progressively
• Aggregation Levels: Municipalities, indigenous lands, states, biomes, and protected areas

Available Datasets

1. Land Cover ("mapbiomas_cover")

Annual maps of land cover types including: - Forest Types: Native forest, forest formation, forest plantation - Non-Forest Vegetation: Grassland/pasture, shrub vegetation, herbaceous - Agricultural Land: Temporary crops (annual/seasonal), perennial crops (sugarcane, coffee, cocoa) - Urban Areas: Urban/built-up land and infrastructure - Water Bodies: Rivers, lakes, reservoirs, aquaculture - Non-vegetated: Mining, bare soil, rock outcrops - Other Categories: Cloud coverage, nodata

Key Applications: Deforestation monitoring, agricultural expansion, urbanization patterns, forest conservation

2. Land Cover Transitions ("mapbiomas_transition")

Year-to-year changes in land cover including: - Deforestation: Conversion from forest to other uses - Reforestation: Conversion to forest types - Agricultural Transitions: Changes between crop types or from other uses to agriculture - Degradation: Forest to degraded/shrub vegetation - Regeneration: Abandoned areas returning to vegetation

Key Applications: Deforestation tracking, regeneration assessment, agricultural dynamics, conservation effectiveness

3. Deforestation and Regeneration ("mapbiomas_deforestation_regeneration")

Specific focus on forest cover changes: - Deforestation: Permanent loss of forest cover - Forest Regeneration: Secondary forest regrowth and natural recovery - Degradation Signals: Forest areas showing stress indicators - Cumulative Deforestation: Total forest loss since baseline

Key Applications: Amazon monitoring, conservation evaluation, regeneration potential, climate impact studies

4. Mining Activities ("mapbiomas_mining")

Areas used for mining operations: - Active Mining: Currently operational extraction sites - Abandoned Mining: Previous mining areas, potentially available for rehabilitation - Mining Extent: Total area impacted by mining activities - Mining Types: Surface mining, artisanal mining, infrastructure

Key Applications: Environmental impact assessment, land degradation, restoration planning, environmental compliance

5. Irrigation ("mapbiomas_irrigation")

Note: Temporarily unavailable - new collection coming soon

Previously included: - Irrigated Areas: Extent of irrigation in agricultural systems - Irrigation Type: Drip, center-pivot, flood irrigation - Crop Types Under Irrigation: Which crops receive irrigation

6. Water Bodies ("mapbiomas_water")

Note: Temporarily unavailable - new collection coming soon

Previously included: - Surface Water Extent: Permanent and seasonal water bodies - Water Type: Natural rivers/lakes vs. artificial reservoirs - Seasonal Variation: Dry vs. wet season water extent

7. Wildfire Burn Scars ("mapbiomas_fire")

Areas affected by wildfires: - Burn Scars: Areas burned in recent fires - Fire Extent: Total area impacted per year - Fire Frequency: Repeated burning in same areas (indicating high fire risk) - Fire Season: Temporal pattern of fires

Key Applications: Fire monitoring, ecosystem vulnerability, climate impacts, fire management

Function Parameters

Options:

1. dataset: Seven possible choices (two temporarily unavailable)
   • "mapbiomas_cover": Land cover types
   • "mapbiomas_transition": Changes in land cover
   • "mapbiomas_deforestation_regeneration": Forest cover changes
   • "mapbiomas_mining": Mining areas
   • "mapbiomas_irrigation": Irrigated areas (temporarily unavailable)
   • "mapbiomas_water": Water bodies (temporarily unavailable)
   • "mapbiomas_fire": Wildfire burn scars
2. raw_data:
   • TRUE: Data in original format from MapBiomas
   • FALSE: Cleaned and standardized version (recommended for analysis)
3. geo_level: Varies by dataset
   • For "mapbiomas_cover": "municipality" or "indigenous_land"
   • For "mapbiomas_transition": "municipality" or "biome" (faster)
   • For "mapbiomas_deforestation_regeneration": "municipality" only
   • For "mapbiomas_mining": "indigenous_land" or "municipality"
   • For "mapbiomas_irrigation": "state" or "biome"
   • For "mapbiomas_water": "municipality", "state", or "biome"
   • For "mapbiomas_fire": "state" only
4. language:
   • "pt": Portuguese language labels
   • "eng": English language

Measurement Units and Notes

• All Areas: Measured in hectares (ha)
• 1 hectare: Approximately 2.47 acres
• Validation: MapBiomas uses field validation and visual interpretation to ensure accuracy
• Updates: Historical data may be revised with new collections and improved algorithms

Examples

# download treated MapBiomas land cover data by municipality
data <- load_mapbiomas(
  dataset = "mapbiomas_cover",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "municipality",
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated data on mining on indigenous lands
data <- load_mapbiomas(
  dataset = "mapbiomas_mining",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "indigenous_land",
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated wildfire burn scar data by state
data <- load_mapbiomas(
  dataset = "mapbiomas_fire",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  language = "eng"
)

TerraClimate

Overview

TerraClimate is a global climate and climatic water balance dataset developed by the Climatology Lab at University of California, Merced. This package provides access to TerraClimate data for Brazil and the Amazon region.

This dataset provides:

• High-resolution climate data: Monthly climate variables at ~4km resolution globally
• Comprehensive variables: Temperature, precipitation, wind, radiation, soil moisture, drought indices
• Water balance data: Evapotranspiration, runoff, water deficit calculations
• Temporal coverage: Monthly data from 1958 to present (continuously updated)
• Global coverage: Available worldwide, subset here for Brazil
• Satellite-derived data: Combines satellite observations with ground station networks
• Research quality: Peer-reviewed, widely used in climate and ecological research

TerraClimate is essential for understanding climate variability, water availability, drought risk, agricultural potential, and climate change impacts across Brazil and the Amazon.

Data Source and Methodology

TerraClimate data is compiled by: - University of California Climatology Lab - Integration of satellite and ground-based observations - Validated against station networks - Downscaled to ~4km global resolution - Monthly temporal resolution with daily and subdaily estimates available

For more information, visit TerraClimate Project.

Available Climate Variables

TerraClimate provides 13 main climate and water balance variables:

Data Format and Coverage

Spatial Resolution

• Resolution: Approximately 4 km (0.04° at equator)
• Coverage: Global; subset available for Brazil and Legal Amazon
• Coordinates: WGS84 latitude/longitude

Temporal Resolution

• Frequency: Monthly
• Time span: 1958 to present (continuously updated)
• Data lag: Recent months added as they become available (typically 2-3 months delay)

Data Type

• Format: NetCDF files (raster/grid data)
• Size: Large for multi-year, multi-variable downloads
• Access: Downloaded from THREDDS server

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which climate variable to download.

# Temperature and radiation
dataset = "max_temperature"         # tmax
dataset = "min_temperature"         # tmin
dataset = "shortwave_radiation_flux" # srad

# Water and moisture
dataset = "precipitation"           # ppt
dataset = "potential_evaporation"   # pet
dataset = "water_evaporation"       # aet (actual evapotranspiration)
dataset = "soil_moisture"           # soil
dataset = "runoff"                  # q

# Atmospheric variables
dataset = "wind_speed"              # ws
dataset = "vapor_pressure"          # vap
dataset = "vapor_pressure_deficit"  # vpd

# Drought and composite indices
dataset = "climatic_water_deficit"  # def
dataset = "palmer_drought_severity_index" # PDSI
dataset = "snow_water_equivalent"   # swe

2. raw_data

Controls data format returned.

• TRUE: Returns raw raster data (NetCDF, SpatRaster format)
• FALSE: Returns aggregated data (specific format depends on configuration)

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. time_period

Specifies which year(s) to download.

Available range: 1958 to present (most recent months have 2-3 month lag)

time_period = 2020              # single year
time_period = c(2010, 2020)     # specific years
time_period = 2010:2020         # range of years

4. legal_amazon_only

Restricts geographic coverage to Legal Amazon region.

• TRUE: Downloads only data for Legal Amazon region (much smaller files)
• FALSE: Downloads data for all Brazil (larger files)

legal_amazon_only = TRUE  # logical

Recommendation: Use TRUE to significantly reduce download size for Amazon-focused research.

5. language

Output language for variable names and documentation.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Important Download Considerations

Data Size: TerraClimate raster data is substantial. Consider:

• File size: Multi-year downloads can be very large (hundreds of MB to GBs)
• Internet: High-speed connection recommended; THREDDS downloads can be slow
• Storage: Ensure sufficient disk space (multiple years of global data is large)
• Time: Downloads may take considerable time
• Memory: Raster processing requires sufficient RAM

Recommendations: - Use legal_amazon_only = TRUE to reduce size by ~95% - Download single or 2-3 year periods rather than decades at once - Use high-speed internet connection - Have at least 10-50 GB free disk space for multi-year downloads

Examples

# download precipitation data for the Legal Amazon (2020)
precip <- load_climate(
  dataset = "precipitation",
  time_period = 2020,
  legal_amazon_only = TRUE,
  language = "eng"
)
# download maximum temperature for multiple years, all of Brazil
max_temp <- load_climate(
  dataset = "max_temperature",
  time_period = 2010:2012,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Variable Definitions

• Tmax/Tmin: Monthly average maximum and minimum 2-meter air temperatures
• Precipitation: Accumulated monthly precipitation
• Evapotranspiration (AET): Actual water loss from soil + plants through evaporation/transpiration
• Potential Evaporation (PET): Theoretical maximum evapotranspiration if unlimited water
• Runoff: Water flowing overland/through soil to streams
• Soil Moisture: Water stored in root zone at month end
• Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD): Difference between saturated and actual vapor pressure (indicator of atmospheric dryness)
• Water Deficit (DEF): Accumulated water stress (PET - AET)
• PDSI: Standardized drought index (-4 to +4 scale)

Data Quality

• Validation: Validated against independent station networks

• Uncertainty: Varies by region; higher in data-sparse areas

• Interpolation: Satellite and station data combined and downscaled to 4km

• Reliability: Generally excellent for temperature and precipitation; water balance variables have higher uncertainty

Important Limitations

1. Raster data large: Multi-year downloads can be hundreds of MB to GBs
2. 4km resolution: Suitable for regional analysis; may miss local variation
3. Monthly aggregation: Daily and sub-daily variation not captured
4. Recent data lag: Most recent 2-3 months not yet available
5. Interpolation uncertainty: Some regions have lower data density
6. Snow/ice areas: Less accurate in high mountains or glaciated regions (not major issue for Amazon)

Recommended Processing

Due to large file size: - Aggregate early: Summarize by month/year quickly to reduce memory use - Legal Amazon only: Massive size reduction if working in Amazon region - Subset years: Download only years of interest rather than decades - Extract points: If doing point-based analysis, extract specific coordinates to simplify data - Use cloud computing: Consider cloud platforms (Google Earth Engine) for very large analyses

SEEG

Overview

SEEG (Sistema de Estimativa de Emissões e Remoções de Gases de Efeito Estufa - System of Estimates of Emissions and Removals of Greenhouse Gases) is Brazil’s most comprehensive greenhouse gas emissions database developed by Observatório do Clima (Climate Observatory).

This dataset provides:

• Greenhouse gas emissions: Complete estimates of all major climate-relevant gases
• Multi-sector coverage: Agriculture, energy, land use, industry, waste
• Sub-sectoral detail: Detailed breakdowns within each sector
• Municipality and state levels: Geographic disaggregation for regional analysis
• Time series: Historical data from 2000 onwards
• Removal accounting: Also includes carbon sequestration and removals
• Comprehensive methodology: Based on Brazilian national inventory standards
• Transparent assumptions: Well-documented methodology and data sources

SEEG is the primary tool for understanding Brazil’s greenhouse gas emissions profile, tracking progress toward climate goals, identifying emission hotspots, and supporting climate policy.

Data Source and Methodology

SEEG emissions estimates are compiled using: - Government data from multiple agencies (MAPA, IBGE, ANP, etc.) - Satellite monitoring of deforestation and land use - International IPCC methodology standards - Peer-reviewed scientific research - Regular updates as new government data becomes available

For more information, visit SEEG Project and Observatório do Clima.

Available Datasets

1. seeg (All Sectors Combined)

Complete greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors in one dataset.

• Coverage: All emission sources in Brazil
• Sectors included: All five (agriculture, energy, land use, industry, waste)
• Time period: 2000-2018
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Total emissions (CO₂e), by sector and sub-sector
• Format: Comprehensive view of Brazil’s total emissions profile
• Note: Only available with raw_data = TRUE
• Use cases:
  • Understand overall emissions landscape
  • Identify dominant emission sources
  • Track total emissions trends over time

2. seeg_farming (Agricultural and Livestock Emissions)

Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and livestock activities.

• Coverage: All agricultural and livestock production
• Time period: 2000-2018
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Emissions from cattle, crop production, soil management, manure
• Dominant source: Usually the largest single emissions sector in Brazil
• Components:
  • Livestock (enteric fermentation, manure)
  • Crop production and soil management
  • Agricultural land preparation
• Use cases:
  • Assess agricultural emission contributions
  • Identify highest-emission municipalities
  • Evaluate livestock and farming intensity
  • Policy targets for agricultural emissions reduction

3. seeg_energy (Energy Sector Emissions)

Emissions from energy production and consumption.

• Coverage: All energy-related emissions
• Time period: 2000-2018
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Emissions from electricity, transport, heating, fuel production
• Components:
  • Energy generation and distribution
  • Transportation fuels
  • Energy consumption
  • Industrial energy use
• Use cases:
  • Understand energy sector contribution to climate change
  • Track renewable vs. fossil fuel impacts
  • Identify regional energy emission patterns

4. seeg_land (Land Use Change Emissions)

Emissions and removals from changes in forest cover and land use.

• Coverage: Deforestation, forest degradation, reforestation effects
• Time period: 2000-2018
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Net emissions/removals from land use change
• Components:
  • Deforestation and forest loss
  • Forest degradation
  • Reforestation and afforestation
  • Vegetation conversion
• Importance: Often largest single contributor to Brazil’s emissions
• Use cases:
  • Analyze deforestation climate impact
  • Identify reforestation opportunities
  • Assess forest conservation value
  • Link with PRODES and DETER deforestation data

5. seeg_industry (Industrial Process Emissions)

Emissions from manufacturing and industrial processes.

• Coverage: All industrial sectors
• Time period: 2000-2018
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Emissions from cement, chemicals, metals, minerals, other manufacturing
• Components:
  • Chemical production (ammonia, soda ash, etc.)
  • Metal production (iron, aluminum, others)
  • Mineral processing (cement, lime, glass)
  • Other industrial processes
• Use cases:
  • Identify industrial emission hotspots
  • Regional manufacturing impacts
  • Process-specific emission reduction opportunities

6. seeg_residuals (Waste and Residuals Emissions)

Emissions from waste management, landfills, and waste treatment.

• Coverage: All waste-related emissions
• Time period: 2000-2018
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Emissions from solid waste, wastewater treatment, waste treatment
• Components:
  • Landfill methane emissions
  • Wastewater treatment
  • Waste disposal and treatment
  • Municipal solid waste management
• Use cases:
  • Assess waste sector contributions
  • Identify waste management improvement opportunities
  • Evaluate circular economy potential

Important Data Characteristics

Collection 9 Data

The data provided is from SEEG’s Collection 9: - Time period: 2000-2018 - Methodology: Latest available when data was compiled - Quality: Peer-reviewed and validated - Revisions: May be updated in future SEEG collections as better data becomes available

Emissions Units

• Standard unit: Gigatonnes CO₂ equivalent (Gt CO₂e)
• CO₂e equivalence: Uses global warming potentials (GWP) to convert CH₄ and N₂O to CO₂ equivalent
• Consistency: Allows comparison across different gases and sectors

Download Considerations

Important: The complete SEEG dataset is quite large. When downloading: - Entire datasets are downloaded as single files; year selection is limited - A stable, high-speed internet connection is recommended - Downloads may take time depending on connection speed - Ensure sufficient disk space for storage

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which emission sector(s) to download.

dataset = "seeg"              # All sectors (raw_data = TRUE only)
dataset = "seeg_farming"      # Agriculture and livestock
dataset = "seeg_energy"       # Energy sector
dataset = "seeg_land"         # Land use changes
dataset = "seeg_industry"     # Industrial processes
dataset = "seeg_residuals"    # Waste and residuals

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download original or processed data.

• TRUE: Returns raw SEEG data format (more detailed)
• FALSE: Returns treated data with English variable names and standardized format

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. geo_level

Specifies geographic aggregation level.

• "country": National total
• "state": State-level emissions (27 units)
• "municipality": All 5,570+ municipalities

geo_level = "state"  # character string

4. language

Output language for variable names and labels.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Note on timing: Downloads may take considerable time due to file size.

Examples

Example 1: All sectors combined (raw data) at the country level

# download raw SEEG data (all sectors) at the country level
# note: dataset = "seeg" only works with raw_data = TRUE
all_emissions <- load_seeg(
  dataset = "seeg",
  raw_data = TRUE,
  geo_level = "country",
  language = "eng"
)

Example 2: Agricultural emissions by state

# download treated agricultural emissions at the state level
farming <- load_seeg(
  dataset = "seeg_farming",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  language = "eng"
)

Example 3: Land use change emissions by state

# download treated land use change emissions at the state level
land_use <- load_seeg(
  dataset = "seeg_land",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  language = "eng"
)

Example 4: Energy emissions by municipality

# download treated energy emissions at the municipality level
energy <- load_seeg(
  dataset = "seeg_energy",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "municipality",
  language = "eng"
)

Example 5: Industrial process emissions by state

# download treated industrial process emissions at the state level
industry <- load_seeg(
  dataset = "seeg_industry",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  language = "eng"
)

Example 6: Waste emissions by state

# download treated waste emissions at the state level
residuals <- load_seeg(
  dataset = "seeg_residuals",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Emission Sources Included

SEEG includes all major anthropogenic emission sources: - Agriculture (livestock, crops, soil) - Energy (electricity, transport, heating) - Land use change (deforestation, afforestation) - Industrial processes (cement, chemicals, metals) - Waste (landfills, wastewater)

Methodology

Estimates follow: - IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories - Brazilian national inventory standards - International best practices - Transparent, documented assumptions

Data Quality

• Peer-reviewed methodology
• Validated against government data
• Uncertainty ranges available in detailed products
• Regular methodology updates

Limitations

1. Fixed time period: Collection 9 covers 2000-2018 only
2. File size: Large downloads; requires good internet
3. Year aggregation: Cannot select individual years; entire dataset downloaded
4. Revisions: Methodology may change in future SEEG releases
5. Sub-national uncertainty: Municipal and state estimates have higher uncertainty than national

🔴 This function uses the googledrive package to download data at the municipality level. In case of authentication errors, see googledrive.

CENSOAGRO

Overview

The Census of Agriculture (Censo Agropecuário) is Brazil’s comprehensive survey of agricultural establishments and activities, conducted by IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). This census collects detailed information about:

• Agricultural establishments: characteristics, size, and management
• Agricultural producers: demographics, education, and land ownership conditions
• Production activities: crops, livestock, and agroindustry operations
• Rural employment and labor: workforce characteristics and wages
• Agricultural inputs: machinery, equipment, and technology adoption

The census provides critical data for agricultural policy, market research, and understanding the structure of Brazilian agriculture across regional and temporal dimensions.

Data Coverage

Data is collected at multiple geographic levels: - Country level: aggregate national statistics - State level: disaggregated by Brazilian states - Municipality level: available for select datasets (currently "livestock_production")

Historical data spans from 1920 onwards, with different time series available for different datasets based on IBGE’s survey methodology evolution.

Available Datasets

1. agricultural_land_area

Provides comprehensive data on total agricultural land area and the number of agricultural properties.

• Key metrics: Total land area (hectares), number of properties
• Time period: 1920, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006, 2017
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Track long-term trends in farm consolidation and total agricultural land expansion

2. agricultural_area_use

Details how agricultural properties use their land (crop farming, pasture, forests, etc.).

• Key metrics: Area by use category (temporary crops, permanent crops, natural pastures, planted pastures, forest for forest production, protected natural vegetation, other areas)
• Time period: 1970 onwards (1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006,
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Analyze land use transitions, deforestation patterns, and agricultural intensification

3. agricultural_employees_tractors

Captures information about the agricultural workforce and mechanization levels.

• Key metrics: Number of employees, number of tractors, employed persons
• Time period: 1970 onwards (1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006,
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Study agricultural mechanization trends and rural employment dynamics

4. agricultural_producer_condition

Describes the tenure status of agricultural land (ownership, rental, partnership, etc.).

• Key metrics: Number of properties by producer condition (owner, tenant, partner, occupant)
• Time period: 1920, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006, 2017
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Understand land tenure structures and changes in property ownership patterns

5. animal_production

Details the number of livestock animals farmed by species and type.

• Key metrics: Number of animals by species (cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, horses, goats, water buffalo, etc.), number of establishments
• Time period: 1970 onwards (1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006,
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Monitor livestock herd sizes and sectoral changes in animal agriculture

6. animal_products

Quantifies production volumes of animal-based products.

• Key metrics: Production quantities (eggs, milk, honey, wool, hide, etc.)
• Time period: 1920, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006, 2017
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Track historical trends in dairy, poultry, and other animal product sectors

7. vegetable_production_area

Provides detailed crop production data including area planted and volume produced.

• Key metrics: Area planted (hectares), quantity produced (kilograms), number of establishments by crop type
• Time period: 1920, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006, 2017
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Comprehensive analysis of crop production patterns and agricultural productivity

8. vegetable_production_temporary

Focuses specifically on temporary crops (annual crops that must be replanted each season).

• Key metrics: Area planted, quantity produced for crops like soybeans, corn, beans, cassava
• Time period: 1970 onwards (1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006,
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Study annual crop production cycles and seasonal variations

9. vegetable_production_permanent

Focuses on permanent crops (perennial crops that produce for multiple years).

• Key metrics: Area planted, quantity produced for crops like coffee, sugarcane, cocoa, oranges
• Time period: 1940 onwards (1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1995, 2006, 2017)
• Geographic levels: Country, State
• Use case: Analyze long-cycle crop production and regional specialization

10. livestock_production

Specialized dataset on bovine cattle production and related establishments.

• Key metrics: Number of cattle establishments, herd size, number of properties
• Time period: 2017 (most recent census year)
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality (unique to this dataset)
• Use case: Detailed regional analysis of cattle ranching, including municipality-level data

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which dataset to download. See dataset descriptions above.

dataset = "agricultural_land_area"  # character string

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download the original data or the processed/cleaned version.

• TRUE: Returns raw data exactly as published by IBGE
• FALSE: Returns treated data with standardized formatting, variable names in English, and consistent units

Default behavior: Raw data typically requires more cleaning and interpretation, while treated data is ready for immediate analysis.

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. geo_level

Specifies the geographic aggregation level.

• "country": National aggregate
• "state": Disaggregated by Brazilian state
• "municipality": Available only for "livestock_production" dataset

geo_level = "state"  # character string

4. time_period

Defines which year(s) to download. Availability varies by dataset:

You can request a single year or a range of years:

time_period = 2006           # single year
time_period = c(1995, 2006)  # multiple specific years
time_period = 1995:2006      # will select years within this range that are available

5. language

Output language for variable names and labels.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

# download treated land area data at the country level in 2017
data <- load_censoagro(
  dataset = "agricultural_land_area",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "country",
  time_period = 2017,
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated temporary crop data by state in 1995 in portuguese
data <- load_censoagro(
  dataset = "vegetable_production_temporary",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 1995,
  language = "pt"
)

# download municipality-level cattle data (only available for livestock_production)
data <- load_censoagro(
  dataset = "livestock_production",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "municipality",
  time_period = 2017,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Raw vs. Treated Data

• Raw data (raw_data = TRUE): Exactly as published by IBGE, with original formatting and Portuguese variable names
• Treated data (raw_data = FALSE): Cleaned and standardized with English variable names, consistent units (hectares for area, kilograms for production quantities), and NA values properly handled

Data Organization

When using treated data, the output is typically in long format with one row per observation unit, containing: - Geographic identifiers (state, municipality if applicable) - Year of the census - Product/category names (crop type, animal species, etc.) - Quantitative measurements (area, quantity, count) - Number of establishments/properties

Important Considerations

1. Time gaps: Census data is not collected every year. Years with no data simply won’t be available.
2. Geographic changes: Brazil’s state boundaries have changed historically; use caution when comparing very old data
3. Definition changes: IBGE’s classification of crops and agricultural activities has evolved. Variables may not be directly comparable across all decades.
4. Municipality data: Currently only available for livestock_production in 2017
5. Download size: Historical data requests with multiple years may be large; plan accordingly

Citing the Data

When using this data in research or publications, cite:

IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Censo Agropecuário. Available at: https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/pesquisa/censo-agropecuario

Social Data

IPS

Overview

The Amazon Social Progress Index (IPS) is a comprehensive indicator framework that measures social and environmental progress in the Legal Amazon region. This collaborative initiative combines:

• Imazon (Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia): Brazilian research organization
• Social Progress Imperative: International organization focused on measuring societal well-being

This dataset captures:

• Multi-dimensional development indicators: Spanning 8 domains of social and environmental progress
• Municipality-level data: All Legal Amazon municipalities assessed
• Quality of life metrics: Health, education, sanitation, infrastructure
• Environmental indicators: Forest cover, deforestation risk, sustainability
• Violence and safety: Public safety and security metrics
• Temporal coverage: Data from 2014, 2018, 2021, 2023
• Geographic coverage: 570+ municipalities across Legal Amazon

The IPS provides a holistic view of sustainable development, moving beyond simple economic measures (GDP) to encompass environmental sustainability and social well-being.

Data Source and Methodology

The Social Progress Index: - Based on 50+ individual indicators across 12 domains - Uses data from government agencies, NGOs, and research institutions - Aggregated into 3 main dimensions and 12 subdimensions - Indexed to 0-100 scale for comparability - Methodologically rigorous with transparent weighting

For detailed methodology, visit Social Progress Imperative.

Available Dimensions

The IPS framework includes 8 main dataset options:

1. all

Complete Social Progress Index with all dimensions and indicators.

• Coverage: Comprehensive assessment across all domains
• Variables: All indicators and index scores
• Use cases: Holistic development analysis, overall progress tracking, multi-dimensional comparisons

2. life_quality

Indicators related to quality of life and well-being.

• Variables: Healthcare quality, life expectancy, nutrition, shelter quality
• Use cases: Health and wellness analysis, living standards assessment, healthcare quality evaluation

3. sanit_habit

Sanitation and habitat indicators.

• Variables: Access to improved sanitation, water quality, housing conditions
• Use cases: Infrastructure assessment, water and sanitation access analysis, housing quality evaluation

4. violence

Public safety and violence indicators.

• Variables: Crime rates, safety perceptions, homicide data
• Use cases: Public safety analysis, violence hotspot identification, security trends

5. educ

Education and literacy indicators.

• Variables: School enrollment, literacy rates, educational attainment, quality of education
• Use cases: Education access analysis, literacy trends, human capital assessment

6. communic

Communication and connectivity indicators.

• Variables: Internet access, mobile phone coverage, communication infrastructure
• Use cases: Digital divide analysis, connectivity assessment, tech adoption patterns

7. mortality

Health and mortality indicators.

• Variables: Child mortality, maternal mortality, mortality rates by cause
• Use cases: Health outcomes analysis, maternal/child health assessment, disease burden evaluation

8. deforest

Environmental and deforestation indicators.

• Variables: Forest cover, deforestation rates, environmental sustainability
• Use cases: Forest monitoring, environmental assessment, climate/conservation analysis

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which dimension(s) to download.

dataset = "all"         # All dimensions
dataset = "life_quality" # Quality of life metrics
dataset = "sanit_habit"  # Sanitation and habitat
dataset = "violence"     # Public safety and violence
dataset = "educ"         # Education indicators
dataset = "communic"     # Communication and connectivity
dataset = "mortality"    # Health and mortality
dataset = "deforest"     # Environmental and deforestation

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download original or processed data.

• TRUE: Returns raw data exactly as published
• FALSE: Returns treated data with standardized English variable names and formatting

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. time_period

Specifies which assessment year(s) to download.

Available years: 2014, 2018, 2021, 2023

time_period = 2023              # Most recent
time_period = c(2018, 2023)     # Specific years
time_period = c(2014, 2018, 2021, 2023)  # Multiple years

4. language

Output language for variable names and labels.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

# download raw IPS data from 2014
data <- load_ips(
  dataset = "all",
  raw_data = TRUE,
  time_period = 2014,
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated deforestation IPS data from 2018 in portuguese
data <- load_ips(
  dataset = "deforest",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2018,
  language = "pt"
)

Data Notes

Index Scales

• 0-100 scale: All indices standardized to 0-100 for comparison
• Higher is better: Across all dimensions except deforestation (where higher forest index = better)
• Comparable across dimensions: Standardized scale allows cross-dimension comparison

Dimensions and Indicators

Each dimension contains multiple indicators: - Life quality: 4-6 indicators - Sanitation/habitat: 3-5 indicators
- Violence: 3-4 indicators - Education: 3-4 indicators - Communication: 2-3 indicators - Mortality: 3-4 indicators - Deforestation: 2-3 indicators

(Exact number varies by year and methodology)

Temporal Comparisons

When comparing across years (2014, 2018, 2021, 2023): - Methodology may have evolved between assessments - New indicators may have been added - Some municipalities may not have data in all years - Use caution comparing very old (2014) with recent (2023) data

Missing Data

• Some municipalities may lack data for specific indicators
• Remote or less accessible areas may have less complete data
• Use na.rm = TRUE in aggregations to handle missing values

Geographic Coverage

• Covers 570+ municipalities in the Legal Amazon
• Includes all states with Amazon territory
• Some frontier/protected areas may lack complete data

IEMA

Overview

Data from the Institute of Environment and Water Resources (Instituto de Energia e Meio Ambiente - IEMA), documenting electric energy access across the Amazon region. This dataset provides comprehensive information on populations without access to electric energy throughout the Legal Amazon in 2018, offering critical insights into energy poverty and infrastructure gaps in the region.

The IEMA dataset is particularly valuable for understanding energy access disparities in the Amazon, including remote communities, indigenous territories, and areas with limited infrastructure development.

Data Coverage

The IEMA dataset includes:

• Time Period: Cross-sectional data from 2018
• Geographic Coverage: Legal Amazon region (9 states and partial coverage of others)
• Unit of Analysis: Municipalities and/or census areas within the Amazon
• Population Focus: Population without access to electric energy (energy-poor populations)
• Variables: Energy access indicators, population counts, and geographic identifiers

Dataset Description

Key Variables

1. Population Without Energy Access: Number of individuals lacking access to electric energy
2. Geographic Identifiers: Municipality, state, and biome information
3. Settlement Type: Rural vs. urban classification where available
4. Indigenous Territory Data: Energy access in indigenous lands (where applicable)
5. Infrastructure Indicators: Distance to grid, cost of connection, barriers to access

Geographic Coverage

The Legal Amazon encompasses: - 9 Full States: Amazonas, Roraima, Acre, Amazonas, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, Amapá, Pará, Maranhão - Partial Coverage: Parts of Maranhão and other states - Total Area: Approximately 5.5 million square kilometers - Population Focus: Amazon-dwelling populations with particular attention to vulnerable groups

Energy Access Dimensions

The dataset addresses multiple aspects of energy poverty: - Access Type: Grid connection vs. off-grid solutions - Reliability: Service quality and availability - Affordability: Connection costs and monthly tariffs - Geographic Barriers: Remote location and access challenges - Population Characteristics: Indigenous communities, rural settlements, urban poor

Function Parameters

Options:

1. dataset: "iema"

2. raw_data:

   • TRUE: Data in original format from IEMA
   • FALSE: Cleaned and standardized version

3. language:

   • "pt": Portuguese language
   • "eng": English language

Data Limitations

Since this dataset captures a single year (2018), it represents a snapshot rather than a time series. The cross-sectional nature means: - No Trend Analysis: Cannot track changes over time without merging with other sources - Temporal Stability: Conditions may have changed since 2018 - Recent Updates: Users may need to contact IEMA for more recent data

Examples

# download treated IEMA energy access data
data <- load_iema(
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "eng"
)

🔴 This function uses the googledrive package to download data. In case of authentication errors, see googledrive.

Population

Overview

Population dataset provides Brazil’s official population statistics from IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). This dataset includes:

• Population estimates: Official projections and estimates for non-census years
• Census data: Actual population counts from census years (2007,
• Time coverage: Data from 2001 to 2021 (with some gaps)
• Geographic detail: Available at country, state, and municipality levels
• Regular updates: Annual estimates published by IBGE
• Demographic foundation: Base data for per capita calculations and demographic analysis

Population data is fundamental to many analyses, providing denominators for per capita metrics, understanding urbanization patterns, tracking demographic trends, and supporting policy and development planning.

Data Source and Methodology

Population data comes from: - Census years (2007, 2010): Actual population enumeration - Estimation years (2001-2006, 2008-2009, 2011-2021): IBGE official population projections based on census data and vital statistics - Methodology: Cohort-component methodology considering births, deaths, migration - Updates: Revised annually as new vital statistics data becomes available

For more information, visit IBGE Population Estimates.

Available Dataset

population

Official Brazilian population statistics and estimates.

• Coverage: All Brazilian municipalities, states, and national level
• Time period: 2001 to 2021
• Data types: Census counts (2007, 2010) and official estimates (other years)
• Geographic levels: Country, State, Municipality
• Use cases:
  • Calculate per capita indicators for all metrics
  • Track demographic changes and urbanization
  • Assess population concentration
  • Population-weighted aggregations
  • Demographic planning and projections
  • Support for epidemiological and social statistics

Important Data Characteristics

Census Years vs. Estimate Years

Census years provide actual counts; other years are official projections.

Population Definition

• Resident population: People living in a given area as of the reference date
• Includes: Brazilian citizens and legal residents
• Reference date: July 1 for most estimate years, September 1 for 2010 census

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Only one dataset is available:

dataset = "population"  # Population statistics

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download original or processed data.

• TRUE: Returns raw IBGE data format
• FALSE: Returns treated data with English variable names and standardized format

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. geo_level

Specifies geographic aggregation level.

• "country": National total
• "state": State-level population (27 units)
• "municipality": All 5,570+ municipalities

geo_level = "municipality"  # character string

4. time_period

Specifies which year(s) to download.

Available years: 2001-2006, 2007 (census), 2008-2009, 2010 (census), 2011-2021

time_period = 2020              # single year
time_period = c(2010, 2020)     # specific years (includes 2010 census)
time_period = 2010:2020         # range of years

5. language

Output language for variable names.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

Example 1: Population by state for a single year

# download treated population data at the state level for 2021
pop_2021 <- load_population(
  dataset = "population",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2021,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 2: Population by state over time

# download treated population data at the state level for 2010 to 2021
pop_series <- load_population(
  dataset = "population",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2010:2021,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 3: Population by municipality

# download treated population data at the municipality level for 2020
pop_munic <- load_population(
  dataset = "population",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "municipality",
  time_period = 2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Data Structure

Each record contains: - Geographic identifier (state or municipality name/code) - Year - Population count

Simple and straightforward structure, useful as base for other calculations.

Census vs. Estimate Quality

• Census years (2007, 2010): High quality, actual counts
• Estimate years: Official IBGE projections based on demographic models
• Estimates are less certain: Especially for small geographic areas

Municipal Variations

• Not all municipalities equally reliable: Very small municipalities may have estimation uncertainty
• Boundary changes: Municipalities occasionally merged or divided; affects time comparisons
• Code consistency: Use IBGE municipal codes (rather than names) for accurate merging with other datasets

Important Limitations

1. Estimate years: Non-census years are projections, not actual counts
2. Lag in release: May take time for latest estimates to be published
3. Revisions: Estimates revised annually as better vital statistics data becomes available
4. Boundary changes: Municipal boundaries changed; affects historical comparisons
5. Definition: Includes registered residents; may not match actual lived population

Economic Data

COMEX

Overview

COMEX (Comércio Exterior - Foreign Trade) dataset provides Brazil’s official international trade statistics extracted from Siscomex, the Integrated System of Foreign Trade maintained by the Brazilian government.

This dataset captures:

• Export data: Brazilian goods leaving the country, disaggregated by municipality and product
• Import data: Foreign goods entering Brazil, disaggregated by municipality and product
  
• Monthly frequency: High-frequency trade data for detailed temporal analysis
• Product classification: Detailed product codes and descriptions
• Geographic coverage: Trade flows identified by Brazilian municipality
• Long historical coverage: Available from 1989 onwards

COMEX is the primary official source for Brazil’s international trade statistics, widely used for trade policy analysis, business intelligence, academic research, and economic monitoring.

Data Source and Coverage

COMEX data comes from: - Official records from Siscomex (Brazil’s foreign trade system) - Mandatory declarations by exporters and importers - Updated monthly with current month data - Historical data from 1989 onwards

Important note on nomenclature: From 1989 to 1996, Brazil used a different system of product nomenclature (NBLC - Nomenclatura Brasileira de Mercadorias). All conversions to the current nomenclature system are available and the package handles this transparently.

For more information, visit the Brazilian Ministry of Productivity, Employment and Foreign Trade.

Available Datasets

1. export_mun (Exports by Municipality)

Export data disaggregated at the municipality level.

• Coverage: All Brazilian municipalities engaged in international trade
• Frequency: Monthly
• Time period: 1989 onwards
• Key variables: Export value (USD), quantity, product code, municipality, date
• Use cases:
  • Identify which municipalities are export hubs
  • Analyze export diversification by region
  • Track geographic shifts in export capacity
  • Municipal-level trade policy impact assessment

2. import_mun (Imports by Municipality)

Import data disaggregated at the municipality level.

• Coverage: All Brazilian municipalities receiving imports
• Frequency: Monthly
• Time period: 1989 onwards
• Key variables: Import value (USD), quantity, product code, municipality, date
• Use cases:
  • Understand which regions import specific products
  • Analyze import dependency patterns
  • Track geographic consumption patterns
  • Regional supply chain analysis

3. export_prod (Exports by Producer)

Export data organized by producer/exporter and product.

• Coverage: All registered exporters in Brazil
• Frequency: Monthly
• Time period: 1989 onwards
• Key variables: Export value (USD), quantity, product code, exporter code, date
• Use cases:
  • Firm-level export analysis
  • Identify major exporters and their product mix
  • Export concentration analysis
  • Exporter persistence and dynamics

4. import_prod (Imports by Producer)

Import data organized by importer/distributor and product.

• Coverage: All registered importers in Brazil
• Frequency: Monthly
• Time period: 1989 onwards
• Key variables: Import value (USD), quantity, product code, importer code, date
• Use cases:
  • Firm-level import behavior
  • Supply chain relationships
  • Importer concentration analysis
  • International sourcing patterns

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which trade dataset to download.

dataset = "export_mun"   # exports by municipality
dataset = "import_mun"   # imports by municipality
dataset = "export_prod"  # exports by producer/exporter
dataset = "import_prod"  # imports by producer/importer

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download the original data or the processed/cleaned version.

• TRUE: Returns raw data exactly as published by Siscomex
• FALSE: Returns treated data with standardized formatting, English variable names, and cleaned values

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. time_period

Specifies which year(s) to download. Available from 1989 onwards.

time_period = 2020              # single year
time_period = c(2018, 2020)     # specific years
time_period = 2015:2020         # range of years

Note: Monthly data means each year can be quite large. Consider downloading specific years or ranges to manage file size.

4. language

Output language for variable names and documentation.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

# download treated exports data by municipality from 2020 to 2021
data <- load_br_trade(
  dataset = "export_mun",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2020:2021,
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated imports data by municipality from 2020 to 2021
data <- load_br_trade(
  dataset = "import_mun",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2020:2021,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Raw vs. Treated Data

• Raw data (raw_data = TRUE): Original Siscomex format, potentially with inconsistencies and naming conventions from different time periods
• Treated data (raw_data = FALSE): Standardized with English variable names, consistent units (USD for values), and cleaned formatting

Product Classification

• 1989-1996: Uses NBLC (Nomenclatura Brasileira de Mercadorias) - conversions are handled transparently
• 1997 onwards: Uses HS (Harmonized System) classification aligned with international standards
• Product codes enable comparison with international trade databases

Data Characteristics

1. Monthly frequency: Data is reported monthly; aggregation to annual or quarterly is straightforward
2. Producer vs. Municipality:
   • Municipality data groups trade by geographic origin/destination
   • Producer data groups by firm/exporter-importer code
   • Use municipality for regional analysis, producer for firm analysis
3. Missing data: Some small trade flows may not be reported
4. Currency: All values in USD

Nomenclature Conversion

When using data spanning 1989-1996 to 1997 onwards, be aware: - Product categories may differ between nomenclature systems - Conversions are available but not always 1:1 - Compare very old with recent data with caution

BACI

Overview

BACI (Base pour l’Analyse du Commerce International) is a comprehensive database of bilateral trade flows developed by CEPII (Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales), a leading French research center on international trade.

This dataset provides:

• Bilateral trade data: Export and import flows between country pairs
• Product-level detail: Over 5,000 distinct products classified by the Harmonized System (HS)
• Global coverage: More than 200 countries and territories
• Historical depth: Data spanning multiple decades of international commerce
• Quality assurance: Reconciliation of mirror flows (exports reported by one country matched with imports reported by trading partner)

The BACI dataset is widely used in academic research, policy analysis, and international trade studies due to its comprehensive coverage and quality control procedures.

Data Source and Methodology

BACI is constructed from UN Comtrade data with significant processing: - Reconciliation of discrepancies between reported imports and exports - Imputation of missing values using econometric techniques - Classification using the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature - All values converted to USD for comparability

For detailed methodological information, visit the CEPII BACI documentation.

Available Dataset

HS92 (Harmonized System 1992)

The HS92 classification provides trade data organized under the 1992 version of the Harmonized System nomenclature.

• Coverage: Bilateral trade flows for 5,000+ products (HS 6-digit level)
• Countries: 200+ countries and territories
• Time period: 1995 onwards (varies by country; most comprehensive from 2000 onwards)
• Variables: Trade value (USD), quantity (where available), exporter, importer, product code
• Use cases:
  • Analyzing trade specialization and comparative advantage
  • Studying trade relationships between countries
  • Product-level trade analysis
  • Research on globalization and supply chains

Important Information About Downloads

Download Size and Time

Important: The BACI dataset is very large. All data is packaged in a single compressed file on the CEPII server. Even if you only need data for specific years, the entire dataset must be downloaded first, then processed locally.

• Typical download size: 500+ MB (compressed)
• Uncompressed size: Several GB
• Download time: Can take 30-60+ minutes depending on internet connection
• Processing time: Additional time required after download for extraction and filtering

Recommendation: Plan your download during off-peak hours or use a stable, high-speed connection.

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Currently only one dataset is available:

dataset = "HS92"  # Harmonized System 1992 classification

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download the original data or the processed/cleaned version.

• TRUE: Returns raw CEPII data with original formatting and column names
• FALSE: Returns treated data with standardized English variable names and cleaned formatting

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. time_period

Specifies which year(s) to download. You can request single or multiple years.

• Available: Generally 1995 onwards, though coverage varies by country
• Most complete: 2000 onwards for the majority of countries
• Note: Specifying years helps with filtering but still requires downloading the full dataset

time_period = 2016              # single year
time_period = c(2010, 2015)     # multiple specific years
time_period = 2010:2020         # range (will select available years)

4. language

Output language for variable names and documentation.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

# download treated trade data for 2016 (HS92 classification)
# Warning: large download, may take a long time
trade_2016 <- load_baci(
  dataset = "HS92",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  time_period = 2016,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Raw vs. Treated Data

• Raw data (raw_data = TRUE): CEPII’s original format with variable codes and potentially non-standard naming
• Treated data (raw_data = FALSE): Standardized with English variable names, consistent column formatting, and ready for immediate analysis

Data Structure

Each row typically represents a trade flow with: - Exporter: Country code (ISO 3-letter code) - Importer: Country code (ISO 3-letter code) - Year: Calendar year of the trade flow - Product code: HS 6-digit classification - Product name: Description of the product - Value: Trade value in USD - Quantity: Physical quantity (where available)

Country and Product Coverage

• Most countries covered from 2000 onwards
• Coverage varies by country; some countries have earlier data available
• HS 6-digit codes ensure consistency with international standards
• Product classifications may change over time as the HS is updated

Quality Notes

• BACI reconciles mirror flows to improve data quality
• Missing values may occur for certain country-product-year combinations
• Some countries report data more frequently/accurately than others
• Small trade flows may have been imputed or estimated

PIB-Munic

Overview

PIBMUNIC (Produto Interno Bruto por Município - Gross Domestic Product by Municipality) is Brazil’s official municipal-level GDP data produced by IBGE. This dataset provides:

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total economic output at current market prices
• Value Added: Gross value added by economic activity
• Taxes and Subsidies: Net taxes on products
• Sectoral breakdown: GDP disaggregated by economic sectors (agriculture, industry, services)
• Municipal coverage: All Brazilian municipalities
• Long time series: Historical data spanning multiple decades
• Multi-level aggregation: Available at country, state, and municipality levels

PIBMUNIC is essential for understanding Brazil’s regional economic structure, identifying economic disparities, analyzing sectoral specialization, and assessing economic development across municipalities.

Data Source and Methodology

PIBMUNIC data is compiled by IBGE using: - Data from CEMPRE (firm registry) for employment and output - Production and consumption surveys - Tax and financial records - Trade and services data - National accounts framework aligned with international standards

For more information, visit IBGE National Accounts.

Available Dataset

pibmunic

Complete municipal GDP statistics with sectoral detail.

• Coverage: All 5,570+ Brazilian municipalities
• Variables: GDP at current prices, value added by sector, taxes, subsidies
• Sectors included: Agriculture, industry, services, public administration
• Measurement: Brazilian Real (R$) at current prices
• Time period: Varies by year; typically 2002 onwards
• Use cases:
  • Identify richest and poorest municipalities
  • Analyze regional economic disparities
  • Assess sectoral specialization (agriculture vs. industry vs. services)
  • Economic growth analysis by municipality
  • Development planning and policy evaluation
  • Correlate with social/environmental indicators

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Only one dataset is available:

dataset = "pibmunic"  # Municipal GDP data

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download original or processed data.

• TRUE: Returns raw IBGE format
• FALSE: Returns treated data with English variable names and standardized formatting

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. geo_level

Specifies geographic aggregation level.

• "country": National aggregate
• "state": State-level aggregation
• "municipality": Most detailed level with all municipalities

geo_level = "municipality"  # character string

4. time_period

Specifies which year(s) to download.

time_period = 2020              # single year
time_period = c(2015, 2020)     # specific years
time_period = 2015:2020         # range of years

5. language

Output language for variable names.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

Example 1: Municipal GDP for a single year

# download treated municipal GDP data for 2020
pib_munic <- load_pibmunic(
  dataset = "pibmunic",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "municipality",
  time_period = 2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 2: State-level GDP over time

# download treated state-level GDP data for 2015 to 2020
pib_state <- load_pibmunic(
  dataset = "pibmunic",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2015:2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 3: Country-level GDP in Portuguese

# download treated country-level GDP data for 2010 to 2020 in Portuguese
pib_br <- load_pibmunic(
  dataset = "pibmunic",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "country",
  time_period = 2010:2020,
  language = "pt"
)

Data Notes

Variables Structure

Typical variables include: - gdp: Gross Domestic Product at current prices (R$) - value_added_agriculture: Farming and forestry sector - value_added_industry: Manufacturing and construction - value_added_services: Commerce, finance, transport, etc. - value_added_public_admin: Government services - net_taxes: Taxes minus subsidies - Additional detail depends on specific IBGE release

Current Prices

• All values are in “current prices” (nominal values, not deflated)
• For real (inflation-adjusted) comparisons, you need to apply price deflators
• Comparisons across years should account for inflation

Data Coverage

• All municipalities: Includes all 5,570+ Brazilian municipalities
• Time lag: Data typically released 2+ years after reference year
• Revisions: IBGE periodically revises historical data

Important Limitations

1. Current prices: Values not adjusted for inflation
2. Time lag: Recent years may not be available
3. Confidentiality: Some small municipalities may have aggregated data
4. Methodological changes: IBGE occasionally updates national accounts methodology
5. Municipal boundaries: Changed in 2021; affects historical comparisons

CEMPRE

Overview

Employment, salary and firm data from IBGE’s Cadastro Central de Empresas (CEMPRE). This comprehensive dataset provides information on companies and other organizations registered with Brazil’s tax authority (Receita Federal), including employment levels, wage information, and business establishment data across Brazilian municipalities and sectors.

The CEMPRE dataset is one of the most detailed sources of firm-level data in Brazil, covering virtually all formal enterprises and organizations operating in the country.

Data Coverage

The CEMPRE dataset includes:

• Time Period: Annual data from 1985 to the most recent available year
• Geographic Coverage: All Brazilian states, regions, and municipalities
• Sectoral Detail: Economic activities classified by CNAE (Classificação Nacional de Atividades Econômicas)
• Variables: Number of establishments, total employment, average salary, payroll totals, and other firm characteristics

Dataset Description

Key Variables

1. Establishment Count: Number of registered establishments
2. Employment: Total number of employees and average employees per establishment
3. Wages: Average salary, total payroll, and wage bill information
4. Economic Classification: CNAE codes for sector identification
5. Location: State, region, and municipality identifiers

Geographic Aggregation Levels

The data is available at three different aggregation levels: - Country Level: Aggregate statistics for all of Brazil - State Level: Data aggregated by state (27 units) - Municipality Level: Data disaggregated to municipality level (5,570+ municipalities)

Sectoral Detail

Data can be retrieved with sector disaggregation or aggregate form: - Sectoral Disaggregation: Detailed breakdown by CNAE 2.0 (main divisions and subdivisions) - Aggregate: Total across all sectors

Function Parameters

Options:

1. dataset: "cempre"

2. raw_data:

   • TRUE: Returns the data in its original format from IBGE
   • FALSE: Returns cleaned and standardized data

3. geo_level:

   • "country": National aggregate
   • "state": Aggregated by state
   • "municipality": Disaggregated to municipality level (detailed results)

4. time_period: Specifies the years for which data will be downloaded (e.g., 2010:2020 for 2010 through 2020)

5. language:

   • "pt": Portuguese language (variable names and labels)
   • "eng": English language

6. sectors:

   • TRUE: Data is returned separated and disaggregated by economic sector (CNAE)
   • FALSE: Data is aggregated across all sectors

Examples

# download raw data at the country level from 2008 to 2010
data <- load_cempre(
  raw_data = TRUE,
  geo_level = "country",
  time_period = 2008:2010,
  language = "eng"
)

# download treated state-level data split by sector in portuguese
data <- load_cempre(
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2008:2010,
  language = "pt",
  sectors = TRUE
)

PAM

Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM, in Portuguese) is a nationwide annual survey conducted by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) which provides information on agricultural products, such as quantity produced, area planted and harvested, average quantity of output and monetary value of such output. The products are divided in permanent and temporary farmed land, as well as dedicated surveys to the four products that yield multiple harvests a year (beans, potato, peanut and corn), which all sum to a total survey of 64 agricultural products (31 of temporary tillage and 33 of permanent tillage). Output, however, is only included in the dataset if the planted area occupies over 1 acre or if output exceeds one tonne.

Permanent farming is characterized by a cycle of long duration, whose harvests may be done multiple times across the years without the need of planting seeds again. Temporary farming, on the other hand, consists of cycles of short and medium duration, which after harvesting require planting seeds again.

The data also has multiple aggregation levels, such as nationwide, by region, mesoregion and microregion, as well as state and municipality.

The data available has a yearly frequency and is available from 1974 to the present, with the exception of the four multiple-harvest products, which are only available from 2003. More information can be found on this link (only in Portuguese).

Options:

1. dataset: See tables below

2. raw_data: there are two options:

   • TRUE: if you want the data as it is originally.
   • FALSE: if you want the treated version of the data.

3. geo_level: "country", "region", "state", or "municipality"

4. time_period: picks the years for which the data will be downloaded

5. language: you can choose between Portuguese ("pt") and English ("eng")

The datasets supported are shown in the tables below, made up of both the original databases and their narrower subsets. Note that downloading only specific crops is considerably faster.

Examples:

# download treated data at the state level from 2010 to 2011 for all crops
data <- load_pam(
  dataset = "all_crops",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2010:2011,
  language = "eng"
)

PEVS

Overview

PEVS (Produção da Silvicultura e da Extração Vegetal - Silviculture and Forestry Extraction Production) is a comprehensive annual survey conducted by IBGE that collects data on forestry and related activities in Brazil.

This dataset provides:

• Native forest extraction: Data on harvesting of native plant resources from natural forests
• Planted forest production: Information on timber and other products from managed forest plantations
• Silviculture activities: Forest management, afforestation, and reforestation data
• Production volumes and values: Both physical quantities and economic values
• Harvested areas: Land area from which extraction or harvest occurred
• Forest crop areas: Total existing areas of forest crops (silviculture)
• Multi-level geographic data: Available at country, regional, state, and municipality levels
• Long historical coverage: Annual data from 1986 onwards

PEVS is Brazil’s primary source for forestry production statistics, important for understanding the timber industry, forest management practices, and sustainable use of forest resources.

Data Source and Coverage

PEVS data comes from: - Direct surveys of forestry companies and producers - Administrative records from forestry operations - Compiled and validated by IBGE’s agriculture statistics division - Annual release with data for previous year - Covers both industrial and subsistence-level forestry activities

For more information, visit IBGE Agriculture Statistics.

Available Datasets

1. pevs_forest_crops

Production data from forest crop plantations (timber and non-timber products).

• Coverage: All Brazilian forest crops and related products
• Time period: 1986 to 2019
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Quantity produced, value of production, by product type
• Products included: Eucalyptus, pine, other timber species, charcoal, resins, turpentine, cork
• Use cases:
  • Analyze timber production by region and species
  • Track forest product market values
  • Identify regional forestry specialization
  • Assess economic contribution of forest crops
  • Monitor charcoal and other non-timber forest products

2. pevs_silviculture

Data on silviculture activities including afforestation, reforestation, and forest management.

• Coverage: All silviculture operations across Brazil
• Time period: 1986 to 2019
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Quantity and value of silviculture products, area under management
• Activities tracked: Timber production, forest management, conservation activities
• Use cases:
  • Track silviculture expansion and development
  • Analyze productivity of managed forests
  • Regional specialization in forest management
  • Economic analysis of forest-based industries
  • Environmental and conservation-oriented forestry

3. pevs_silviculture_area

Total existing area used for silviculture operations, disaggregated by forest species.

• Coverage: All silviculture land areas in Brazil
• Time period: 2013 to 2019 (limited historical coverage)
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Key variables: Total area by species (hectares), area by type of forest operation
• Species tracked: Eucalyptus, pine, acacia, other species
• Measurement: Area as of December 31st of each year
• Use cases:
  • Monitor forest plantation expansion
  • Track species-specific area trends
  • Land use change analysis
  • Assessment of silviculture infrastructure
  • Regional forest resource assessment
  • Support for long-term forest management planning

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which forestry dataset to download.

dataset = "pevs_forest_crops"       # Forest crop production (1986-2019)
dataset = "pevs_silviculture"       # Silviculture production (1986-2019)
dataset = "pevs_silviculture_area"  # Silviculture land area (2013-2019)

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download original or processed data.

• TRUE: Returns raw IBGE data with original Portuguese variable names
• FALSE: Returns treated data with English variable names, standardized units, and cleaned formatting

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. geo_level

Specifies the geographic aggregation level.

• "country": National aggregate
• "region": Brazilian geographic regions (North, Northeast, Center-West, Southeast, South)
• "state": State-level data (27 units)
• "municipality": Most granular level with 5,570+ municipalities

geo_level = "state"  # character string

4. time_period

Defines which year(s) to download.

Important: Dataset-specific availability:

time_period = 2019              # single year
time_period = c(2010, 2015)     # specific years
time_period = 2010:2019         # range of years

5. language

Output language for variable names.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

Example 1: Forest crop production by state

# download treated forest crops data at the state level for 2019
forest_crops <- load_pevs(
  dataset = "pevs_forest_crops",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2019,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 2: Silviculture area by state over time

# download treated silviculture area data at the state level for 2013 to 2019
silvi_area <- load_pevs(
  dataset = "pevs_silviculture_area",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2013:2019,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 3: Silviculture production by region

# download treated silviculture production data at the region level for 2019
silvi_prod <- load_pevs(
  dataset = "pevs_silviculture",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "region",
  time_period = 2019,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Data Structure

Each row typically represents: - A geographic unit (country, region, state, or municipality) - A specific year - A product type or forest species - Quantity produced (in appropriate units: cubic meters, tons, etc.) - Value of production (in currency units)

Product Categories

Forest crops include: - Timber species: Eucalyptus, pine, other timber - Non-timber products: Charcoal, resins, turpentine, cork, bark - Other forest products: Tannin, rosin, pulpwood

Exact categories vary by dataset and year.

Raw vs. Treated Data

• Raw data (raw_data = TRUE): IBGE original format, Portuguese variable names
• Treated data (raw_data = FALSE): English names, standardized units, cleaned formatting

Important Limitations

1. Data collection changes: Survey methodology may evolve over time
2. Area vs. production: Area data only available from 2013; earlier years have production data only
3. Municipality data sparse: Many small municipalities may have zero or no reported data
4. Seasonal nature: Some products are seasonal; annual aggregates smooth out variation
5. Informal forestry: May undercount small-scale or informal forestry operations

Units of Measurement

• Area: Hectares (ha)
• Quantity: Varies by product (cubic meters for timber, tons for charcoal, etc.)
• Value: Brazilian Real (R$) at current prices

PPM

Overview

PPM (Pesquisa da Pecuária Municipal - Municipal Livestock Survey) is Brazil’s comprehensive annual survey of livestock activities conducted by IBGE. This dataset provides:

• Livestock inventories: Number of animals by species (cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, horses, etc.)
• Animal products: Production volumes and values of milk, eggs, honey, wool, and other animal-origin products
• Dairy farming: Specialized data on milked cows, geographic distribution, productivity
• Aquaculture: Fish farming, shrimp farming, and mollusk farming activities
• Sheep specialization: Detailed shearing and wool production data
• Multi-level geographic detail: Country, region, state, and municipality levels
• Long historical series: Available from 1974 onwards
• Economic value: Both production quantities and market values

PPM is the primary data source for understanding Brazil’s livestock sector, which is economically significant and globally important for beef, poultry, and dairy exports.

Data Source and Methodology

PPM data is compiled from: - Direct surveys of livestock producers - Agricultural censuses and administrative records - Municipal agriculture secretariats - Processed and validated by IBGE - Annual release with data for reference year

For more information, visit IBGE Livestock Statistics.

Available Datasets

1. ppm_livestock_inventory

Total livestock herds disaggregated by animal species.

• Coverage: All livestock species across all Brazilian municipalities
• Time period: 1974 onwards
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Animal species: Cattle, pigs, chickens, sheep, horses, goats, buffalo, others
• Variables: Number of animals by species, number of establishments
• Use cases:
  • Identify regional livestock specialization
  • Track herd size trends
  • Analyze geographic concentration of livestock
  • Understand animal agriculture structure

2. ppm_sheep_farming

Specialized data on sheep production and wool/fleece harvest.

• Coverage: Sheep farming across Brazil
• Time period: 1974 onwards
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Variables: Total sheep, sheared sheep, fleece weight, wool production
• Use cases:
  • Analyze wool production and sheep farming specialization
  • Track shearing practices and yields
  • Regional wool industry assessment

3. ppm_animal_origin_production

Production of animal-based products (milk, eggs, honey, wool, etc.).

• Coverage: All animal product production activities
• Time period: 1974 onwards
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Products included: Cow milk, goat milk, chicken eggs, quail eggs, honey, wool, hides, wax
• Variables: Quantity produced and value of production
• Use cases:
  • Track dairy and egg production
  • Analyze honey and other bee products
  • Economic analysis of animal product sectors

4. ppm_cow_farming

Detailed dairy cow farming data with milking and productivity metrics.

• Coverage: Dairy cow operations
• Time period: 1974 onwards
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Variables: Milked cows, milk production volume, productivity (liters per cow)
• Use cases:
  • Dairy sector analysis
  • Productivity assessment
  • Geographic specialization in dairy
  • Production trend analysis

5. ppm_aquaculture

Aquaculture activities including fish, shrimp, and mollusk farming.

• Coverage: All aquaculture operations
• Time period: 1974 onwards (though aquaculture data more recent)
• Geographic levels: Country, Region, State, Municipality
• Activities: Fish farming, shrimp farming, mollusk/oyster farming, other aquaculture
• Variables: Quantity and value of aquaculture production by type
• Use cases:
  • Aquaculture sector analysis
  • Regional aquaculture potential
  • Fish and seafood production trends
  • Emerging aquaculture development

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Selects which livestock/animal production dataset to download.

dataset = "ppm_livestock_inventory"     # Animal populations by species
dataset = "ppm_sheep_farming"           # Sheep and wool production
dataset = "ppm_animal_origin_production"  # Milk, eggs, honey, wool
dataset = "ppm_cow_farming"             # Dairy cow productivity
dataset = "ppm_aquaculture"             # Fish and aquaculture production

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download original or processed data.

• TRUE: Returns raw IBGE format
• FALSE: Returns treated data with English variable names and standardized units

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. geo_level

Specifies geographic aggregation level.

• "country": National aggregate
• "region": Brazilian geographic regions (5 regions)
• "state": State-level data (27 units)
• "municipality": All 5,570+ municipalities

geo_level = "state"  # character string

4. time_period

Specifies which year(s) to download.

time_period = 2020              # single year
time_period = c(2010, 2020)     # specific years
time_period = 2010:2020         # range of years

Note: All datasets available from 1974 onwards, though aquaculture more complete from 2000s.

5. language

Output language for variable names.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Examples

Example 1: Livestock inventory by state

# download treated livestock inventory data at the state level for 2020
livestock <- load_ppm(
  dataset = "ppm_livestock_inventory",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 2: Dairy cow farming by state

# download treated dairy cow data at the state level for 2020
dairy <- load_ppm(
  dataset = "ppm_cow_farming",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 3: Animal origin production at the country level

# download treated animal origin production data at the country level for 2020
animal_products <- load_ppm(
  dataset = "ppm_animal_origin_production",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "country",
  time_period = 2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 4: Sheep farming by state

# download treated sheep farming data at the state level for 2020
sheep <- load_ppm(
  dataset = "ppm_sheep_farming",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Example 5: Aquaculture by state over time

# download treated aquaculture data at the state level for 2015 to 2020
aquaculture <- load_ppm(
  dataset = "ppm_aquaculture",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "state",
  time_period = 2015:2020,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Data Structure

Each record typically contains: - Geographic identifier (state or municipality) - Year - Animal species or product type - Quantity (number of animals or production volume) - Value (if applicable) - Number of establishments

Units of Measurement

• Livestock counts: Number of animals
• Milk: Liters
• Eggs: Dozens or units (verify in data)
• Honey: Kilograms
• Wool: Kilograms
• Aquaculture: Kilograms or tons

Raw vs. Treated Data

• Raw data: IBGE original format, Portuguese names
• Treated data: English variable names, standardized units

Important Limitations

1. Survey-based data: Subject to sampling and reporting error
2. Informal operations: May undercount small or informal livestock operations
3. Data lag: Published with delay; recent years may not be available
4. Aquaculture newer: Aquaculture data less complete for very early years
5. Methodology changes: Survey methods may evolve; can affect comparability

SIGMINE

Overview

SIGMINE (Sistema de Informações Geográficas da Mineração - Mining Geographic Information System) is Brazil’s official mining registry maintained by the National Mining Agency (ANM), the regulatory body that succeeded the former National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM).

This dataset provides:

• Active mining operations: All legally authorized mining projects across Brazil
• Mine locations: Geographic coordinates and spatial extent
• Product information: What minerals/resources are being mined
• Operational status: Whether mines are active, suspended, or recovering
• Area data: Size of mining concessions and operating areas
• Company information: Operator and ownership details
• Environmental permits: Status of environmental authorization
• Geographic coverage: National coverage including Legal Amazon region

SIGMINE data is critical for understanding Brazil’s mining sector impact on the environment, economy, and land use, particularly in sensitive regions like the Amazon.

Data Source and Information

SIGMINE data comes from: - Brazilian mining authorization and regulatory system - Geological Service of Brazil (SGB-CPRM) - Environmental licensing agencies - Updated continuously as mining permits are issued/revoked - Publicly accessible through government databases

For more information, visit the National Mining Agency (ANM) and mining databases.

Available Dataset

sigmine_active (Active Mining Operations)

Comprehensive registry of legally operating mining projects in Brazil.

• Coverage: All active, legally authorized mining operations
• Status: Currently operating, suspended, or in recovery phases
• Geographic levels: National coverage with state and municipality identification
• Key variables: Mine name, operator, location, mineral type, area, authorization status
• Mineral types: Precious metals, industrial minerals, energy minerals (coal, uranium), others
• Environmental data: Environmental license status, compliance information
• Spatial data: Polygon boundaries of mining concessions/operations
• Use cases:
  • Assess mining impacts in regions of interest
  • Identify mining activity in conservation areas
  • Analyze relationships between mining and deforestation
  • Economic analysis of mining sector
  • Environmental impact assessment
  • Conflict identification (mining vs. indigenous lands, protected areas)

Function Parameters

1. dataset

Only one dataset is available:

dataset = "sigmine_active"  # Active mining operations

2. raw_data

Controls whether to download original or processed data.

• TRUE: Returns raw SIGMINE/DNPM data format with original coding
• FALSE: Returns treated data with English variable names and standardized formatting

raw_data = FALSE  # logical

3. language

Output language for variable names and documentation.

• "pt": Portuguese
• "eng": English

language = "eng"  # character string

Data Structure

SIGMINE data typically includes:

• Mine identification: Name, registration number, operator
• Location: State, municipality, geographic coordinates
• Resource: Mineral type being mined
• Area: Size of mining concession (square meters)
• Status: Active, suspended, recovery, or other operational status
• Authorization: Mining and environmental permits
• Geometry: Spatial polygon of mining area (when available)

Examples

Example 1: Active mining data in portuguese

# download treated active mining data in portuguese
mining_active <- load_sigmine(
  dataset = "sigmine_active",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "pt"
)

Example 2: Active mining data in english

# download treated active mining data in english
mining_eng <- load_sigmine(
  dataset = "sigmine_active",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "eng"
)

Data Notes

Mining Authorization Status

SIGMINE tracks mines at various stages: - Active: Currently operating, producing minerals - Suspended: Temporarily halted operations - Recovery: Reclamation and environmental restoration phase - Other: Various other regulatory statuses

Minerals Covered

SIGMINE includes: - Precious metals: Gold, silver, platinum - Industrial minerals: Iron, copper, aluminum, tin, others - Energy minerals: Coal, uranium - Gemstones: Diamonds, emeralds, others - Construction minerals: Sand, gravel, granite

Data Updates

• SIGMINE is continuously updated as new permits are issued/revoked
• The dataset you access reflects the most current government registry
• Historical changes available from government archives

Geographic Information

• Coordinates: GPS coordinates of mine locations
• Polygons: Spatial boundaries of mining concessions (when available)
• Accuracy: Depends on government survey quality

Important Limitations

1. Only legal operations: Artisanal/informal mining not included
2. Status lags: Official status may lag actual operational status
3. Environmental permits: May not reflect real-time compliance
4. Spatial accuracy: Boundaries may have uncertain precision
5. Definition changes: Mining classification/categories may evolve

ANEEL

Loads data from the National Electrical Energy Agency (ANEEL), a Brazilian independent federal agency linked to the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME). ANEEL works to provide favorable conditions for the Electrical Energy Market to develop with balance and for the benefit of society.

As for now, there are three different datasets available for download: Energy Development Budget, Energy Generation, and Energy Enterprises Distributed.

Energy Development Budget

The Energy Development Budget dataset showcases the Energy Development Account’s (CDE) annual budget expenses. The CDE is designed to promote the Brazilian energy development and is managed by the Electrical Energy Commercialization Chamber (CCEE).

In the current implementation, data is available from 2017 to 2022 and must be downloaded by year. The year argument can be a single year or a vector of years. The dataset includes the type of expense, its value in R$ (Reais), and its share over the total amount of CDE budget expenses in each year.*.

*Note that ‘share_of_total’ values sum to 1 for each year available.

Energy Generation

The Energy Generation dataset showcases information about ANEEL’s Generation Informations System (SIGA). SIGA provides information about the Brazilian electrical energy generation installed capacity.

The dataset provides information at the individual venture/entity level. It contains information about the power, source, stage, type of permission, origin and final fuel with which each venture/entity operates, as well as other legal, technical and geographical information.* Operation start dates contained in the dataset go as far back as 1924 up to 2022.

* For more details on each variable, access This link and select “Manual do Usuario”.

Energy Enterprises

The Energy Enterprises dataset showcases information about distributed micro and mini generators, covered by the Regulatory Resolution nº 482/2012. The list of projects is classified by variables that make up their identification, namely: connected distributor, project code, numerical nucleus of the project code, owner name, production class, subgroup, name of the owner, number of consumer units that receive credits, connection date, type of generating unit, source, installed power, municipality, and federative unit where it is located.

The data is expressed in quantities and installed power in kW (kilowatt). The quantity corresponds to the number of distributed micro or mini generators installed in the specified period. The installed power is defined by the sum of the nominal active electric power of the generating units.

* For more details on each variable, access This link and select “Dicionário de dados”.

Options:

1. dataset: there are three choices:
   • "energy_development_budget": government spending towards energy sources
   • "energy_generation": energy generation by entity/corporation
   • "energy_enterprises_distributed": distributed micro and mini generators
2. raw_data: there are two options:
   • TRUE: if you want the data as it is originally.
   • FALSE: if you want the treated version of the data.
3. language: you can choose between Portuguese ("pt") and English ("eng")
4. year: only used for “energy_development_budget”. It can be a single year or a vector of years from 2017:2022. This argument is required for “energy_development_budget” and can be omitted for the other datasets.

Examples:

# download treated data about energy generation
clean_aneel <- load_aneel(
  dataset = "energy_generation",
  raw_data = FALSE
)


# download raw CDE data for one year
budget_aneel_2019 <- load_aneel(
  dataset = "energy_development_budget",
  raw_data = TRUE,
  year = 2019
)

# download raw CDE data for multiple years
budget_aneel_multi <- load_aneel(
  dataset = "energy_development_budget",
  raw_data = TRUE,
  year = c(2020, 2021)
)

EPE

Loads data from the Energy Research Company (EPE), a Brazilian public company that works closely with the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) and other agencies to ensure the sustainable development of Brazil’s energy infrastructure. EPE’s duty on that mission is to support MME with quality research and studies in order to aid Brazil’s energy infrastructure planning.

As for now, there are four different datasets available for download: Consumer Energy Consumption, Industrial Energy Consumption, the National Energy Balance, and the State Energy Production Panel. All of them were obtained from the EPE website.

Consumer Energy Consumption

The Consumer Energy Consumption dataset provides monthly data from 2004 to 2025 about energy consumption and number of consumers. The data is organized by State, Region, or Electric Subsystem, and is broken down by class of service and type of consumer.

The available classes are: Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Rural, and Others. For each observation, the dataset reports the type of consumer (Captive or Free), total consumption in megawatt-hours (MWh), and the number of consumers.

When using the Subsystem or Region level, consumer totals are provided but are not disaggregated for all classes and consumer types.

Industrial Energy Consumption

The Industrial Energy Consumption dataset provides monthly data from 2004 to 2025 on energy consumption by industrial sector. Data is available at the State or Subsystem level. Each observation identifies the industrial sector responsible for the consumption and the amount consumed in megawatt-hours (MWh).

National Energy Balance

The National Energy Balance is a thorough and extensive research developed and published by EPE that contains useful data about energy production, consumption, imports, exports, transformation, and final use.

The processed dataset provides yearly data from 2003 to 2023. It covers all Brazilian energy sources (such as petróleo, gás natural, carvão, eletricidade, lenha, solar and others) and distinguishes between different types of energy flow: production, transformation, final consumption, losses, and adjustments.

Each energy source appears as a separate column in the original spreadsheets. The cleaned data is returned in long format, with one row per combination of year, energy source, and account type. The account type is labeled to indicate whether it refers to production, transformation (for example, “TRANSFORMAÇÃO – REFINARIAS DE PETRÓLEO”), or consumption (for example, “CONSUMO – RESIDENCIAL”).

State Energy Production Panel

The State Energy Production Panel provides yearly data from 2011 to 2024 on electricity generation by energy source and Brazilian state. The data is sourced from EPE’s BEN Chapter 8 (Dados Estaduais) and covers all 27 states, including the Federal District.

Each row corresponds to one state-year combination. The dataset includes production by source (hydro, wind, solar, nuclear, thermal, sugar cane, firewood, black liquor, other renewables, steam coal, natural gas, coke oven gas, fuel oil, diesel, and other non-renewables), total production, and an indicator of whether the state belongs to the Legal Amazon.

Options:

1. dataset: there are three choices:
   "consumer_energy_consumption": monthly energy consumption and consumers by State, Region or Electric Subsystem
   "industrial_energy_consumption": monthly industrial energy consumption by State or Subsystem
   "national_energy_balance": yearly energy flow by account and energy source
   "energy_state_panel": yearly energy production by source and state

2. raw_data: there are two options:
   TRUE: if you want the data as it is originally.
   FALSE: if you want the treated version of the data.

3. geo_level: only applies to "consumer_energy_consumption" and "industrial_energy_consumption" datasets.
   "state"
"subsystem"

4. language: you can choose between Portuguese ("pt") and English ("eng")

Examples:

# download treated data about consumer energy consumption at the state level
clean_epe <- load_epe(
  dataset = "consumer_energy_consumption",
  geo_level = "state",
  raw_data = FALSE
)

# download treated data from the National Energy Balance
balance <- load_epe(
  dataset = "national_energy_balance",
  raw_data = FALSE
)

# download treated data on state energy production panel
state_panel <- load_epe(
  dataset = "energy_state_panel",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  language = "eng"
)

Other tools

Legal Amazon Municipalities

Overview

The municipalities dataset is a foundational reference dataset included in the datazoom.amazonia package. It contains key information about all Brazilian municipalities and identifies which are located in (or overlapping with) the Legal Amazon region.

This dataset includes:

• Municipality identification: Official names, codes (IBGE), and geographic identifiers
• Legal Amazon status: Identifies whether each municipality is in the Legal Amazon
• Geographic information: State, region, and spatial boundaries
• Supporting attributes: Additional useful variables for geographic matching and analysis
• Historical coverage: Updated to reflect current municipal boundaries (2019 onwards)

The municipalities dataset is essential infrastructure for this package—most package functions that return geographic data match results to this municipalities reference to enable Legal Amazon filtering and consistent geographic identification.

Data Source

The municipalities dataset is compiled from: - IBGE: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics official municipal data - Legal Amazon definition: Based on official Brazilian government definition - Spatial boundaries: IBGE 2019 municipal boundary shapefile - Maintained by: datazoom.amazonia package developers

Dataset Structure

The municipalities dataset contains the following information:

Key Variables

• code: IBGE municipal code (unique identifier)
• name: Official municipality name
• state: Two-letter state abbreviation (e.g., “SP”, “AM”)
• state_code: IBGE state code
• legal_amazon: TRUE/FALSE indicating Legal Amazon membership
• region: Geographic region (North, Northeast, Center-West, Southeast, South)
• geometry: Spatial polygon (when using full SF object)

Data Types

• IBGE codes: Numeric identifiers used throughout Brazilian statistics
• State abbreviations: Standard two-letter codes for all 27 Brazilian states/federal district
• Region names: Official Brazilian geographic regions
• Geographic boundaries: Available as simple features (SF) objects for spatial analysis

Accessing the Dataset

In R Code

# Load Brazilian municipalities dataset
data <- datazoom.amazonia::municipalities

# Or after loading the package
library(datazoom.amazonia)
data <- municipalities

# View structure
str(municipalities)
head(municipalities)

# Filter for Legal Amazon municipalities only
amazon_municipalities <- municipalities %>%
  filter(legal_amazon == TRUE)

What It Contains

The dataset includes all 5,570+ Brazilian municipalities with: - Official IBGE identification codes - State and region classification - Legal Amazon flag for filtering - Spatial geometries for geographic analysis

Common Use Cases

Use Case 1: Filter Data to Legal Amazon

Many analyses focus specifically on the Legal Amazon region. Use the municipalities dataset to identify relevant municipalities:

library(dplyr)
# Load any dataset with municipality information
data <- load_prodes(
  dataset = "deforestation",
  raw_data = FALSE,
  geo_level = "municipality",
  language = "eng"
)

# Filter to Legal Amazon using municipalities reference
amazon_data <- data %>%
  inner_join(
    municipalities %>% 
      filter(legal_amazon == TRUE) %>%
      select(code, name),
    by = c("municipality_code" = "code")
  )

Use Case 2: Partial Amazon Municipalities

Important: Some municipalities are only partially within the Legal Amazon.

For statistics reported at municipality level in this package: - Partial Amazon municipalities: Data is reported for only the Amazon-included portion - Identification: The municipalities dataset identifies these cases - Interpretation: When a municipality is partially in Amazon, reported statistics reflect the Amazon portion only

# Identify fully vs. partially included municipalities
full_amazon <- municipalities %>%
  filter(legal_amazon == TRUE & fully_included == TRUE)

partial_amazon <- municipalities %>%
  filter(legal_amazon == TRUE & fully_included == FALSE)

print(paste("Fully in Amazon:", nrow(full_amazon)))
print(paste("Partially in Amazon:", nrow(partial_amazon)))

Key Characteristics

Municipal Coverage

• Total municipalities: 5,570+ (exact number updated periodically)
• Geographic coverage: All Brazilian territory
• Boundaries: Based on IBGE 2019 definitions (latest update)
• Changes: Municipal boundaries periodically updated (most recent:

Legal Amazon Definition

The Legal Amazon includes: - States: All or parts of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins - Municipalities: 570+ municipalities fully or partially in Legal Amazon - Definition: Based on official Brazilian legislation (Law 8,001/1990)

Partial Inclusion

Important note on municipality-level data: - Partial municipalities: Some municipalities extend beyond Legal Amazon boundaries - Data reporting: When data is reported at municipality level for partial municipalities, it reflects only the Legal Amazon portion - Identification: This dataset identifies which municipalities are partial

# Check for partial municipalities
partial_check <- municipalities %>%
  filter(legal_amazon == TRUE) %>%
  filter(!is.na(amazon_percentage)) %>%
  filter(amazon_percentage < 100)

if (nrow(partial_check) > 0) {
  print("Municipalities partially in Legal Amazon:")
  print(partial_check)
}

Important Notes

Boundary Changes

Brazilian municipalities occasionally undergo changes: - New municipalities: Created from existing ones (last major change 2021) - Boundary adjustments: IBGE periodically refines municipal boundaries - Historical data: When comparing very old data with recent data, be aware municipalities may have been reorganized

Code Consistency

Always use IBGE municipality codes (not names) when: - Merging multiple datasets - Doing time-series analysis - Comparing across sources - Municipality names may change or be ambiguous; codes are unique and stable

Spatial Data

The municipalities dataset includes spatial boundaries (when loaded as SF object): - Format: Simple features (SF) polygons - CRS: WGS84 (EPSG:4326) - Use: Spatial operations, mapping, spatial joins with other geographic data

Accessing Spatial Data

For Mapping and Spatial Analysis

library(sf)
library(ggplot2)

# Load municipalities with geometry
municipalities_sf <- municipalities %>%
  st_as_sf()  # If not already SF format

# Map Legal Amazon
amazon_map <- municipalities_sf %>%
  filter(legal_amazon == TRUE)

ggplot(amazon_map) +
  geom_sf(fill = "lightgreen", color = "darkgreen") +
  labs(title = "Legal Amazon Municipalities") +
  theme_minimal()

# Spatial operations example: count municipalities by state
munic_by_state <- municipalities_sf %>%
  group_by(state) %>%
  summarize(
    num_municipalities = n(),
    total_area_km2 = sum(st_area(.), na.rm = TRUE) / 1e6,
    .groups = 'drop'
  )

Troubleshooting

Matching Issues

Problem: Municipality names don’t match between datasets Solution: Use IBGE municipality codes instead of names for joining data

Problem: Some municipalities missing after filtering Solution: Check for name spelling variations; use code-based matching

Geographic Analysis

Problem: Spatial operations are slow Solution: Simplify geometries (st_simplify()) or work with state/region level first

Problem: Mapping appears incorrect Solution: Verify CRS (should be WGS84); check for invalid geometries (st_is_valid())

Data Integration

Problem: Aggregating municipality data to regions Solution: Use left_join() with municipalities dataset to add region information

Problem: Partial municipalities causing data discrepancies Solution: Account for partial Amazon municipalities; some statistics are reported for Amazon portion only

Related Resources

• IBGE: https://www.ibge.gov.br/ (Brazilian statistics authority)
• Legal Amazon: Official definition https://www.gov.br/pt-br
• Spatial data: IBGE municipal boundaries available from various sources
• Within this package: All geographic functions integrate this municipalities reference

The ‘googledrive’ package

For some of our functions, the original data is stored in Google Drive and exceeds the file size limit for which direct downloads are possible. As a result, the googledrive package is required to download the data though the Google Drive API and run the function.

The first time the package is called, it requires you to link your Google account and grant permissions to be able to download data through the Google Drive API.

You must tick all boxes when the permissions page opens, or else the following error will occur:

# Error in `gargle_abort_request_failed()`:
# ! Client error: (403) Forbidden
# Insufficient Permission: Request had insufficient authentication scopes.
# • domain: global
# • reason: insufficientPermissions
# • message: Insufficient Permission: Request had insufficient authentication
#  scopes.
# Run `rlang::last_error()` to see where the error occurred.

For further information, click here to access the official package page.

Credits

DataZoom is developed by a team at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Department of Economics. Our official website is at: https://datazoom.com.br/pt/.

To cite package datazoom.amazonia in publications use:

Data Zoom (2023). Data Zoom: Simplifying Access To Brazilian Microdata.
https://datazoom.com.br/en/

A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is:

@Unpublished{DataZoom2023,
    author = {Data Zoom},
    title = {Data Zoom: Simplifying Access To Brazilian Microdata},
    url = {https://datazoom.com.br/en/},
    year = {2023},
}