Version: 0.1.0
Title: Tools for Studying Imaginary Cognitive Social Structure
Description: Provides functions to measure and test imaginary cognitive social structure (CSS) motifs, which are patterns of perceived relationships among individuals in a social network. Includes tools for calculating motif frequencies, comparing observed motifs to expected distributions, and visualizing motif structures. Implements methods described in Tanaka and Vega Yon (2023) <doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2023.11.005>.
URL: https://gvegayon.github.io/imaginary-structures/
BugReports: https://github.com/gvegayon/imaginary-structures/issues
License: MIT + file LICENSE
Encoding: UTF-8
LazyData: true
RoxygenNote: 7.3.3
LinkingTo: Rcpp, barry
Imports: graphics, Rcpp, stats
Suggests: knitr, rmarkdown, tinytest, quarto
Depends: R (≥ 4.0.0)
VignetteBuilder: quarto
NeedsCompilation: yes
Packaged: 2026-02-26 22:35:59 UTC; u1418987
Author: Sima Najafzadehkhoei ORCID iD [aut, cre], George Vega Yon ORCID iD [aut], Kyosuke Tanaka ORCID iD [aut]
Maintainer: Sima Najafzadehkhoei <sima.njf@utah.edu>
Repository: CRAN
Date/Publication: 2026-03-04 09:50:02 UTC

Retrieves the edgelist of a barry_graph

Description

Retrieves the edgelist of a barry_graph

Usage

barray_to_edgelist(x)

Arguments

x

An object of class barry_graph.

Value

A matrix with two columns, the first one with the source and the second one with the target.

Examples

data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)
head(barray_to_edgelist(krack_graph))

Computes census of imaginary errors

Description

Computes census of imaginary errors

Usage

count_imaginary_census(x, counter_type = 0L)

Arguments

x

An object of class barry_graph.

counter_type

An integer indicating the type of census to compute (see details).

Details

We can also separate the counts as a function of whether the perceiver is looking into all ties, only ties including them, or only ties not including them. This is controlled by the counter_type argument:

There are ten (10) values:

Value

A data frame of class "imaginary_census" with columns id, name, and value.

Examples

data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)
census <- count_imaginary_census(krack_graph)
head(census)
summary(census)

Add a counter for reciprocity errors

Description

Add a counter for reciprocity errors

Usage

count_recip_errors(x, counter_type = 0L)

Arguments

x

An object of class barry_graph.

counter_type

An integer indicating the type of census to compute (see details).

Details

We can also separate the counts as a function of whether the perceiver is looking into all ties, only ties including them, or only ties not including them. This is controlled by the counter_type argument:

Value

A data frame with columns id (integer perceiver identifier), name (character label for the reciprocity error type), and value (numeric count).

Examples

data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)
count_recip_errors(krack_graph)

Krackhardt High-Tech Managers Advice Network

Description

Advice-seeking relationships among 21 managers in a high-tech company. Data represents who seeks advice from whom (directed network).

Usage

krackhardt_advice

Format

A data frame with 441 rows and 3 variables:

from

Integer, source node ID (1-21)

to

Integer, target node ID (1-21)

value

Integer, 1 if advice relationship exists, 0 otherwise

Source

Krackhardt, D. (1987). Cognitive social structures. Social Networks, 9(2), 109-134.

References

Krackhardt, D. (1987). Cognitive social structures. Social Networks, 9(2), 109-134.

Krackhardt Advice Network Perception Errors

Description

Individual perceptions of the Krackhardt advice network containing systematic perception errors and biases.

Usage

krackhardt_advice_perceptions

Format

A list of 21 matrices (21x21 each) representing individual perceptions

Source

Generated perception errors based on Krackhardt advice data

Krackhardt High-Tech Managers Attributes

Description

Node attributes for the 21 managers in Krackhardt's high-tech company study. Contains demographic and organizational information for each manager.

Usage

krackhardt_attributes

Format

A data frame with 21 rows and 5 variables:

ID

Integer, manager ID (1-21)

AGE

Numeric, age of the manager

TENURE

Numeric, tenure of the manager in the company (in years)

LEVEL

Factor, hierarchical level of the manager (e.g., "Top", "Middle", "Lower")

DEPT

Factor, department of the manager (e.g., "R&D", "Marketing", etc.)

Source

Krackhardt, D. (1987). Cognitive social structures. Social Networks, 9(2), 109-134.

Krackhardt High-Tech Managers Friendship Network

Description

Friendship relationships among 21 managers in a high-tech company. Data represents who considers whom a friend (directed network).

Usage

krackhardt_friendship

Format

A data frame with 441 rows and 3 variables:

from

Integer, source node ID (1-21)

to

Integer, target node ID (1-21)

value

Integer, 1 if friendship exists, 0 otherwise

Source

Krackhardt, D. (1987). Cognitive social structures. Social Networks, 9(2), 109-134.

Krackhardt Friendship Network Perception Errors

Description

Individual perceptions of the Krackhardt friendship network containing systematic perception errors and biases.

Usage

krackhardt_friendship_perceptions

Format

A list of 21 matrices (21x21 each) representing individual perceptions

Source

Generated perception errors based on Krackhardt friendship data

Krackhardt High-Tech Managers Reporting Network

Description

Formal reporting relationships among 21 managers in a high-tech company. Data represents who reports to whom (directed network).

Usage

krackhardt_reports

Format

A data frame with 441 rows and 3 variables:

from

Integer, source node ID (1-21)

to

Integer, target node ID (1-21)

value

Integer, 1 if reporting relationship exists, 0 otherwise

Source

Krackhardt, D. (1987). Cognitive social structures. Social Networks, 9(2), 109-134.

Binary Array Graph

Description

Binary Array Graph

Usage

new_barry_graph(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'matrix'
new_barry_graph(x, n, ...)

## S3 method for class 'list'
new_barry_graph(x, ...)

netsize(x)

nnets(x)

Arguments

x

Either a matrix or a list of matrices, or an object of class barry_graph.

...

Currently ignored.

n

Integer. The size of the original network.

Details

When x is a matrix, it is assumed that it will be a block diagonal matrix, with the first block corresponding to the reference (true) network.

If x is a list, the first matrix is assumed to be the reference (true) network.

Value

new_barry_graph() returns an external pointer object of class "barry_graph" with attributes netsize (integer scalar giving the size of each individual network) and endpoints (integer vector marking the boundary rows of the stacked networks).

The function netsize() returns the size of individual networks (all matching).

nnets() returns the number of graphs contained in the barry_graph object.

Examples

# Using the Krackhardt advice network
data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

# Convert edge-list data frame to adjacency matrix
n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)
krack_graph

# Network size and number of networks
netsize(krack_graph)
nnets(krack_graph)

Print Barry Graph

Description

Print method for barry_graph objects.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'barry_graph'
print(x, n = min(10, netsize(x)), ...)

Arguments

x

A barry_graph object.

n

Integer. Number of nodes to display (default: min of 10 and the network size).

...

Additional arguments passed to print (currently ignored).

Value

Invisibly returns the input object. Called for its side effect of printing.

Examples

data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)
print(krack_graph)

Summarize an imaginary census

Description

Aggregates the per-perceiver motif counts returned by count_imaginary_census() into totals per motif type.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'imaginary_census'
summary(object, ...)

Arguments

object

A data frame returned by count_imaginary_census().

...

Currently ignored.

Value

A named numeric vector with total counts per motif type (sorted in decreasing order).

Examples

data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)
census <- count_imaginary_census(krack_graph)
summary(census)

Test imaginary census motifs against a null model

Description

Generates a null distribution of imaginary-census motif counts by repeatedly sampling CSS networks with sample_css_network() and compares the observed counts to this null distribution. Returns an S3 object of class "imaginarycss_test" with print, summary, and plot methods.

Usage

test_imaginary_census(graph, n_sim = 100L, alpha = 0.05, counter_type = 0L)

## S3 method for class 'imaginarycss_test'
print(x, ...)

## S3 method for class 'imaginarycss_test'
summary(object, ...)

## S3 method for class 'imaginarycss_test'
plot(x, main = "Motif Z-Scores vs Null", ...)

Arguments

graph

A barry_graph object.

n_sim

Integer. Number of null-model simulations (default 100).

alpha

Numeric. Significance level for the two-sided test (default 0.05).

counter_type

Integer passed to count_imaginary_census() (default 0L).

x

An object of class "imaginarycss_test".

...

Currently ignored.

object

An object of class "imaginarycss_test".

main

Character. Plot title.

Value

An object of class "imaginarycss_test", which is a list containing:

results

A data frame with columns motif, observed, null_mean, null_sd, z_score, p_value, and significant.

observed

Named numeric vector of observed motif totals.

null_matrix

Matrix of null motif totals (motifs x simulations).

n_sim

Number of simulations used.

alpha

Significance level used.

print.imaginarycss_test() returns the input object invisibly. Called for its side effect of printing a summary of significant motifs.

summary.imaginarycss_test() returns the input object invisibly. Called for its side effect of printing the full results table.

plot.imaginarycss_test() returns the input object invisibly. Called for its side effect of drawing a horizontal barplot of z-scores.

Examples

data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)
res <- test_imaginary_census(krack_graph, n_sim = 50)
res
summary(res)
plot(res)

Null distribution for Cognitive Imaginary Structures

Description

These functions can be used to generate null distributions for testing the prevalence of imaginary CSS. The null is a function of the individual level accuracy rates, in other words. Pr(i perceives a one| there is a one) and Pr(i perceives a zero| there is a zero).

Usage

tie_level_accuracy(graph, which_nets = NULL)

sample_css_network(
  graph,
  prob = tie_level_accuracy(graph),
  i = 1L:attr(graph, "netsize"),
  keep_baseline = TRUE
)

Arguments

graph

A barry_graph object.

which_nets

Integer vector. The networks to sample from.

prob

A numeric vector of length 4L or a data frame (see details).

i

Integer vector. The network to sample from.

keep_baseline

Logical scalar. When TRUE, the function returns the baseline network as the first element of the list.

Details

There are two special cases worth mentioning. First, when the dyads in question are all present the probability of true negative is set to NA. On the other hand, if the dyads in question are all null, the probability of true positive is NA as well. This doesn't affect the sample_css_network function because those probabilities are unsed since tie/no tie probabilities are according to the baseline graph, meaning that, for instance, a fully connected network will never use the p_0_ego and p_0_alter probabilities and an empty network will never use the p_1_ego and p_1_alter probabilities.

The function sample_css_network samples perceived networks from the baseline network. The baseline network is the first network in the graph object. The function tie_level_accuracy can be used to generate the probability vector.

The probability vector is a numeric vector of length 4L. The first two elements are the probability of a tie/no tie between an ego and an alter. The third and fourth elements are the probability of a tie/no tie between two alters. When prob is a data frame, the function will sample from each row of the data frame (returned from the function tie_level_accuracy).

Value

The function tie_level_accuracy returns a data frame with the following columns:

The function sample_css_network returns a list of square matrices of size attr(graph, "netsize"). If keep_baseline = TRUE, the first element of the list is the baseline network. Otherwise, it is not returned.

Examples

# Using the Krackhardt advice network
data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)

# Calculate accuracy rates
accuracy <- tie_level_accuracy(krack_graph)
print(accuracy)

# Visualize accuracy patterns
boxplot(accuracy[, -1],
        main = "Accuracy Rates by Type",
        ylab = "Probability",
        names = c("P(0|0) Ego", "P(1|1) Ego",
                  "P(0|0) Alter", "P(1|1) Alter"))

# Using the Krackhardt advice network
data(krackhardt_advice)
data(krackhardt_advice_perceptions)

n_people <- 21
advice_matrix <- matrix(0L, nrow = n_people, ncol = n_people)
advice_matrix[cbind(krackhardt_advice$from, krackhardt_advice$to)] <-
  krackhardt_advice$value

krack_graph <- new_barry_graph(
  c(list(advice_matrix), krackhardt_advice_perceptions)
)

# Method 1: Using accuracy data frame (recommended)
accuracy <- tie_level_accuracy(krack_graph)
sampled_networks <- sample_css_network(krack_graph, prob = accuracy)
length(sampled_networks)

# Method 2: Using manual probability vector for a single perceiver
# p_0_ego, p_1_ego, p_0_alter, p_1_alter
manual_probs <- c(0.8, 0.9, 0.85, 0.75)
sampled_manual <- sample_css_network(
  krack_graph,
  prob = manual_probs,
  i = 1,
  keep_baseline = FALSE
)