"""
=============================
Customized Colorbars Tutorial
=============================

This tutorial shows how to build and customize standalone colorbars, i.e.
without an attached plot.

Customized Colorbars
====================

A `~.Figure.colorbar` needs a "mappable" (`matplotlib.cm.ScalarMappable`)
object (typically, an image) which indicates the colormap and the norm to be
used.  In order to create a colorbar without an attached image, one can instead
use a `.ScalarMappable` with no associated data.

Basic continuous colorbar
-------------------------

Here we create a basic continuous colorbar with ticks and labels.

The arguments to the `~.Figure.colorbar` call are the `.ScalarMappable`
(constructed using the *norm* and *cmap* arguments), the axes where the
colorbar should be drawn, and the colorbar's orientation.

For more information see the :mod:`~matplotlib.colorbar` API.
"""

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib as mpl

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 1))
fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.5)

cmap = mpl.cm.cool
norm = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=5, vmax=10)

fig.colorbar(mpl.cm.ScalarMappable(norm=norm, cmap=cmap),
             cax=ax, orientation='horizontal', label='Some Units')


###############################################################################
# Extended colorbar with continuous colorscale
# --------------------------------------------
#
# The second example shows how to make a discrete colorbar based on a
# continuous cmap. With the "extend" keyword argument the appropriate colors
# are chosen to fill the colorspace, including the extensions:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 1))
fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.5)

cmap = mpl.cm.viridis
bounds = [-1, 2, 5, 7, 12, 15]
norm = mpl.colors.BoundaryNorm(bounds, cmap.N, extend='both')

fig.colorbar(mpl.cm.ScalarMappable(norm=norm, cmap=cmap),
             cax=ax, orientation='horizontal',
             label="Discrete intervals with extend='both' keyword")

###############################################################################
# Discrete intervals colorbar
# ---------------------------
#
# The third example illustrates the use of a
# :class:`~matplotlib.colors.ListedColormap` which generates a colormap from a
# set of listed colors, `.colors.BoundaryNorm` which generates a colormap
# index based on discrete intervals and extended ends to show the "over" and
# "under" value colors. Over and under are used to display data outside of the
# normalized [0, 1] range. Here we pass colors as gray shades as a string
# encoding a float in the 0-1 range.
#
# If a :class:`~matplotlib.colors.ListedColormap` is used, the length of the
# bounds array must be one greater than the length of the color list. The
# bounds must be monotonically increasing.
#
# This time we pass additional arguments to
# `~.Figure.colorbar`. For the out-of-range values to display on the colorbar
# without using the *extend* keyword with
# `.colors.BoundaryNorm`, we have to use the *extend* keyword argument directly
# in the colorbar call, and supply an additional boundary on each end of the
# range.  Here we also
# use the spacing argument to make
# the length of each colorbar segment proportional to its corresponding
# interval.

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 1))
fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.5)

cmap = (mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['red', 'green', 'blue', 'cyan'])
        .with_extremes(over='0.25', under='0.75'))

bounds = [1, 2, 4, 7, 8]
norm = mpl.colors.BoundaryNorm(bounds, cmap.N)
fig.colorbar(
    mpl.cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap, norm=norm),
    cax=ax,
    boundaries=[0] + bounds + [13],  # Adding values for extensions.
    extend='both',
    ticks=bounds,
    spacing='proportional',
    orientation='horizontal',
    label='Discrete intervals, some other units',
)

###############################################################################
# Colorbar with custom extension lengths
# --------------------------------------
#
# Here we illustrate the use of custom length colorbar extensions, on a
# colorbar with discrete intervals. To make the length of each extension the
# same as the length of the interior colors, use ``extendfrac='auto'``.

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 1))
fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.5)

cmap = (mpl.colors.ListedColormap(['royalblue', 'cyan', 'yellow', 'orange'])
        .with_extremes(over='red', under='blue'))

bounds = [-1.0, -0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 1.0]
norm = mpl.colors.BoundaryNorm(bounds, cmap.N)
fig.colorbar(
    mpl.cm.ScalarMappable(cmap=cmap, norm=norm),
    cax=ax,
    boundaries=[-10] + bounds + [10],
    extend='both',
    extendfrac='auto',
    ticks=bounds,
    spacing='uniform',
    orientation='horizontal',
    label='Custom extension lengths, some other units',
)

plt.show()
